Introduction to Business Management

In order for an organization to be successful they must hire and retain talented and productive employees to keep the business going strong. In order to ensure that the organization is hiring the correct employee the business must come up with an organized plan, or a pre-hilling assessment plan to properly screen all potential candidates for the Job. According to an online article from A&R Associates, Interviews alone cannot properly screen a potential hire, the Interview Is only about twenty five percent accurate in placing the proper individual (A&R Associates, 2013).If an organization was in the process of hiring for the open position of the President of a major retail store chain they would want to ensure they had a thorough pre-hire assessment plan prior to accepting applications or conducting any interviews. Obviously this position is at the top of the chain and very important to the organization's success. Therefore, it is very important that the company does its homework up f ront and increases the chances of hiring the right person the first time.The first step to ensuring the organization Is ready to hire the position of President Is to employ a Job modeling methodology which will be utilized to Identify personal competencies that are required to perform the specific Job that Is being hired (Fisher, 2011). Ensuring this Is accomplished from the start will allow the company to run a comparison between different job candidates, which in turn will ensure the correct applicant is ultimately selected for the position.This process also helps an organization reduce unnecessary turn over. After the Job description is written and approved the next step would be to research the potential candidates Job history by talking to previous supervisors as ell as the upper management of their previous Job or jobs. This will allow the manager to assess the candidates skills based on previous job experience and may also give some Information on the candidates personality a nd aptitude for the Job.Since this Job Is at the top level it is Important that the pre-hiring assessment also Include various tests for measuring key competencies, such as: achievement tests, which will help measure how well the candidate has been trained; Integrity tests, which measures the candidates attitudes towards dishonesty: and last but not least he biographical inventory, which will help the employer determine the type of person the candidate is by looking into their prior history (Fisher, 2011). Different levels of positions require different levels of screening in order to get the right candidate into the position.For a position as high up as President it is important for the company to screen the candidate for how strategic, rule conscious, motivating, and emotionally intelligent they are by administering cognitive, personality, and ability tests (Fisher, 2011). Once the organization has developed the necessary pre-hire assessment plan It Is extremely Important that the staff members administering the interviews, tests, and analyzing the results are educated regarding this process and that they understand they must keep this Information confidential (Fisher, 2011).The employer should also give feedback to candidates that are not hired to ensure candidates think there is a discriminatory reason they did not get hired it will also help them in the future hiring process (Fisher, 2011). Overall it is necessary for an organization to employ a pre-hiring assessment plan to keep the playing field fair; however, it is equally important to ensure this process is assessed by employing assessment experts to ensure all is implemented fairly and that it adheres to EEOC and DAD policy (Fisher, 2011).

Ipl Teams Essay

IPL 2012 with lot of expectations and fanfare is just about to roll out in a few days and as the history of this version of cricket shows, in the country which is now called to be the Mecca of cricket, IPL with its star lit, glamour rapped extravaganza is likely to become the talk of the time. This year after the heavy crash of Indian squad’s fighter jet in Australia, there had been a sudden drop of public interest in cricket but once the news of the auction of the players reached the media, the cricket fever started to spread. This mega tournament made the T20 version of cricket hugely popular across various cricket playing nations. This year there have been a lot of changes in the squads of the teams. Here we would provide IPL 2012 team overview with a brief introduction to the teams. Chennai Super Kings As the champion of previous year IPL 2012 and as the most consistent team in the short history of the tournament, there is a huge expectation level for this squad. Except the presence of a number of good cricketers there are some of the big names of the world cricket are in this team like, Michael Hussey, Mohender Singh Dhoni, Muthia Murlitharan, Scott Styris and Suresh Raina. Mumbai Indians It is the most starlit team in the IPL 2012 team overview. If India is now considered as the global centre of world cricket, Mumbai is the Mecca of Indian cricket and for all the past versions of the tournament this team consistently shown some extraordinary brilliance and though it still could not be the champion, for number of times it aroused immense expectations of making it to the top. Sachin Tendulkar as unarguably the greatest batsman in the history of the game belongs to this team with a host of great players like, Harbhajan Singh, Kieron Pollard, Lasith Malinga, Andrew Symonds, Michell Johnson, Harshell Gibbs and Robin John Peterson. It has probably the biggest fanfare among the participant squads. Kolkata Knight Riders This squad should be characterized as the most under-performing team in the IPL 2012 team overview. Though there had always been huge expectations from this team from the debut tournament to the last version, this team made almost a reputation of under-performing in regard to the ability and potential of the team squad. This team is one of the most star crowded as it is having a great number of bigwigs and promising stars of the game like, Gautam Gambhir, Brett Lee, Jacques Kallis, Brad Haddin, Eoin Morgan, Yusuf Pathan, Shane Bond, Shakib Al Hasan, Mark Boucher and Iqbal Abdullah. Delhi Daredevils This is a team which has been well known in the history of IPL as a great starter and in all the versions of IPL it had to quit without making up to the final. This team got some of the finest players both in the departments of bowling and batting. With Virender Sehwag, David Warner, Aaron Finch, Irfan Pathan and the costliest player of the tournament Ravindra Jadeja, this team has the potential to make to the pinnacle of glory. Kings xi Punjab This year Kings XI Punjab is expected to produce some stunning cricket extravaganza with a promising squad comprising some great players like the electrifying stylish batting legend Adam Gilchrist, David Hussey, Ryan Mclaren, Piyush Chawla and Shaun Marsh. Decan Chargers This team has a great ability of showing some great performances when repeated defeats just come close to make the team’s future written off and with shocking brilliance it had changed the fate of many teams when everything started to look as predictable. With the likes of great players like, Kumar Sangakara, Kevin Petersen, Ishant Sharma, Pragyan Ojha this team is capable to cause many upsets . Royal Challengers Bangalore This squad is made of some of the great youthful players and can produce a lot of wonderful performances with the presence of players like, Chris Gayle, AB de Villiers, Mohammad Kaif, Tilakratne Dilshan, Daniel Vettori, Virat Kohli and Zaheer Khan. Pune Warriors This year the team got the old time heavy weight and former indian captain Sourav Ganguly. Though the team would heavily feel the absence of the big hitter and classy batter Yuvraj Singh, the team is capable of producing some brilliance performances with the presence of Graeme Smith, Jesse Ryder, Michell Marsh and Rahul Sharma. Rajasthan Royals This team is always reputed to have shown some great examples of fighting spirit. After the recent retirement from the international cricket Rahul Dravid as the new captain of the squad is expected to have some extra zeal to produce a memorable performance as a classy batsmen and his cool captaincy can prove to be an asset for the team. It has a great bowling line up with the presence of stalwarts like Shane Warne, Shaun Tait and Shane Watson and also a great line up of players with promising batsmen and all-rounders like Faiz Fazal, Jacob Oram and Ross Taylor. IPL 2012 team overview made one point clear that this year the tournament is going to experience more balance in the performance of the teams because of the presence of good number of international level of players in every team.

Human motivation Essay

Introduction: A person is a complex creature who goes through a variety of developmental changes in his life. Each of these changes, a particular learning occurs. When we learn, we organize, shape, and strengthen our brain. Humans are like machines who never get tired of learning. From the day we are born, our brain works and encode those that we have learned in the web connections of our brain. But what does learning mean? Learning is how one acquires new information about the world he lives in. It is how he interprets and understands reality in a way that his behavior changes because of those learned information or knowledge. Learning is also said to be an active process in which the learner uses sensory input and constructs meaning out of those things that has to be learned. The learner needs to do something to be able to learn because learning is not just a passive acceptance of knowledge and ideas of a person alone, but rather, an activity or process which involves the learner to engage with the world he is in. Motivation on the other hand is a key component in learning. Essential because it includes an understanding of ways in which the knowledge can be used. Unless we know the reason why, we may not be very involved in using the knowledge that may be instilled in us, even with the most intensive, severe, rigid, and direct type of teaching. When one is not motivated to learn, teaching becomes ineffective and useless. Motivation is an inner state of need or desire that activates an individual to do something that will satisfy that need or desire. Motivation is derived from the need or desires internal to the individual such that others cannot motivate an individual but must manipulate environmental variables that may result in an increase or decrease of motivation. The relationship between motivation and learning is connected and are mutually causal. That is, those individuals, â€Å"who are more motivated learn more†¦those who learn more become more motivated† (Richmond, 194). In classroom settings, the teacher uses an understanding of individual and group motivation and behavior to create a learning environment that encourages positive social interaction, active engagement in learning and self motivation. Knowing how to meet individual learner’s needs for control, competence, and belonging in the classroom is one key to student motivation to learn. Following are examples of learning as tied to human motivation. Teacher Rose is a regular teacher of 45 students in a public school. Three of her students are repeaters and two manifests symptoms of mild retardation. Their presence in class causes her stress and anxiety not because she don’t want these children there but because she feels like she is not able to help them as she‘s supposed to be. Since there are no special schools in the place to cater the needs of these children, she decided to apply for a scholarship at the district office to study Special Education. The process was not an easy one but because of her desire to help these children, she was able to graduate and earned a degree in Special Education. Now she’s more fulfilled and happy because she is able and capable of teaching and handling these types of children. Sir Benjamin on the other hand is a teacher who wishes to become a lawyer someday. But due to poverty, this dream remains only a dream. When he got married and belittled by his in-laws, Sir Benjamin vowed to become a lawyer to prove that he can be somebody someday, a person his in-laws would respect and be proud of. When his marriage was annulled due to insistence of his in-laws, Sir Benjamin applied for a scholarship in a university to pursue his studies in Law. After painful years of studying and teaching at the same time, he was able to graduate and pass the board exam. Now, he is already a lawyer. Although he was not able to win back his beloved wife, he is still happy and proud because at last, he was able to fulfill his dream and was able to prove himself at the same time. Jane is also an example of a person who was able to fulfill and finish her studies because of her desire to help her parents. Due to poverty, Jane wasn’t able to pursue college education. She went to work in a restaurant for two years. When given a chance to apply for a scholarship at the Mayor’s office, she didn’t hesitate to ask permission from her employer. Working during the day and studying during the nights. The process was long and hard and yet she was able to graduate. She was very motivated to finish her studies because she needs to get a descent job so she would be able to send her younger brothers and sisters to school. Now, she works in a bank, a lot more comfortable and happier because she’s able to fulfill her dreams. Motivation therefore comes from within, and most people with intrinsic motivation are most likely to succeed.

Question Response form Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Question Response form Case Study - Essay Example Dick inherited problems at Modrow plant; he was not included in initial planning and spent a lot of time in getting up to speed. His friendly and easy going attitude was not appreciated in the English plant as well as the Modrow plant by Canadian workers, as his casual strolls were considered as suspicious and steadily his stature and authority as a plant manager was undermined by the workers. The limitations he had as a leader was his inability to understand accounting practices and delegating tasks to his sub-ordinates, as a result he started taking interest in minor or unimportant issues of the plant. This micro management kept him away from core issues rising from expansion and modernization of the plant. His attempts to gain insights by spending time in manufacturing area were not ideal and a trusting behavior towards middle management should have brought better results in implementing the changes he wanted. He was not furnished by the relevant information by middle management a s they had doubts about his abilities as a leader additionally his obsession for gaining insight from workers left the middle management with lack of trust in him. In order for a successful change to come whether it is cost saving initiative, modernization or expansion Dick should have paid attention to more strategic issues of the time and used his time for inculcating trust within management, there are many leaders who lack the technical knowledge or experience but they achieve results by leaving the technical aspects of the work to technical staff communicating with their line managers and not seeing everything as a potential for cost saving initiatives. A gradual or incremental change would have helped Dick in first normalizing the situation due to his appointment ahead of local operating staff, gain trust of managers by staying away from the workers followed by understanding the modernization and expansion challenges. This change is suggested keeping the personality of Dick in consideration, consequently an authoritative leader would have opted for a rapid change while resisting forces would have been removed or sidelined. Dick was not authoritative and it was sheer nuisance that made him show anger towards the foremen, the strategic change approach best for him was the above said incremental one with less suspicion and exploration towards prevailing methods used by workers (Daft, 2010). Question 2. The change or improvement measure proposed by Dick to the foremen was justified and could have saved costs, what Dick missed in bringing this change was the consideration of issues faced by workers and how they wanted to work. The reason foremen disagreed with him was due to his lack of trust in him as a leader, alternatively Dick should have requested the siding manager to implement the new method of scrapping. Dick did not follow the chain of command nor did he uphold his stature as a plant manager, as a result he was ignored by the foremen and the workers a like. Change is always faced by resistance; this resistance comes from confusion or the need to continue status quo hence such resisting elements should be dealt by the managers by addressing concerns of the workers and explaining value addition to them and to the organization. Even though Dick’s intentions were good but his approach led to the

Business Decision Document and Evaluation Assignment

Business Decision Document and Evaluation - Assignment Example This is based upon a number of ethical considerations and leadership and "business scorecard" approaches to decision making which have taken into account all the exogenous and internal factors present here which should ultimately affect the bidding contract and the willingness of the stakeholders to participate in an activity which is profitable and ethical. 3. In my advice I have taken into account the special consideration of being able to foresee arrangements under the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) where the Hospital will be subsequently leased to the public sector/NHS.I have been made aware of the strong preference of our investment partners as to the presence of a single hospital serving the entire district in the interests of attracting specialists and for better economies of scale. However it has to be understood that the transport links across the district are not good with very poor bus services particular from and to the east side of the district. Overall it will be a better decision to have to more than one hospital. In the absence of that initiative then it is better to decide upon a site that has better access to transport and fewer access problems. The decision document and its relevant considerations 4. Poor transport linking is the obvious problem with Site A (Old Colliery) which is a disused mining site situated in the east of the district. This is because it has been stated that the transport links are poor. This may be an economical site due to the low quality environment and the availability of cheap labour however this may not be worth the ethical issues which would arise due to the doubts as to health issues here. I have been made aware of the unconfirmed rumours that part of the site was used at one time as a hazardous chemical dump and the unhealthy environment around the site which lacks greenery for the safety of the patients. 5. Coming to Site B (Dams Nature Reserve) I have been made aware that the site has the advantage of being accessible and acceptable for the residence of the professional staff. However I have also been made aware of the fact that the nature reserve itself has been declared a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) due to the presence of Great Crested Newts in some of the ponds and wetlands. I have also been told about the "Newts" and the financial strategy being offered to rid of these "Newts" with the involvement of the local area authority. However based on my personal ethics and professional values I would strongly oppose such a measure and although I would have chosen this site for what it offers I cannot approve of the means of procuring it. 6. The third site is the Site C: (Derelict Woolen Mill Complex) which is my primary choice for this hospital(s)l. This is primarily due its good motorway access here and the reasonable accommodation rates so the place does not become unaffordable for the poor patients converted into apartments. The only problem should be parking and further

UK manufacturing activity edges higher in January Essay

UK manufacturing activity edges higher in January - Essay Example According to a survey of Purchasing and Supplies Chartered institute at least six hundred industry institutions experienced a flop in the export market in a sequence of at least one year (BBC, 2013). However, this predicament did not hinder potential growth in the domestic demand market where orders for locally manufactured products reached an all time high. Therefore, the improvement in business trading conditions has facilitated a remarkable correspondence to an encouraging start in 2013 for the manufacturing industry (BBC, 2013). In this regard, this essay will delve on the ways in which the UK can command a global market share as compared to other competitors like China. Further, it will focus on how low cost labor influences this trend as the application of low cost labor force has propelled China into being a manufacturing giant. In addition, the essay will zone in which precision products the UK should focus on as how Germany has done. Presentation of issues In the past years, the poor performance of the manufacturing industry had clear indications through the financial markets where they recorded dismal performances. Sequentially, this performance led to the stagnation of industrialization in the UK. However, this trend has experienced a revolution in that the sector has managed to lift the economic aspects of the UK. This means that the export markets for the manufacturing industry in the country have expanded with most of the expansion being in January of 2013. In addition, the European market has also achieved stabilization through the emergence of improved market activities. Moreover, the weakening of the sterling pound has also facilitated the expansion of the European market because this has helped overseas markets to enhance trading (Abbott, 2002:120). Therefore, the most likely occurrence this year is the securing of growth levels for product launches by manufacturers in UK. Subsequently, the new product launches into the European market would p ush for profitable markets outside Europe. In essence, all is positive acquisitions occurred in a period in January 2013, which marked as a positive way of beginning the year for the industry. Presently, the re-emergence of the manufacturing sector has set their goals on being on the worldwide recovery path. Key themes Ideally, the global recession formed the basis for lack of employment for a large part of the UK population (World Of Information, 2003: 394). This predicament influenced a high in the inflation rates because the products on sale came with a high price tag on them. In essence, the recession forced many to lose their posts in their places of work because the profits realized during this time was not sufficient enough to sustain the labor force. During this time, there was the unending search for labor available options because the demand was high, but there was no labor force sufficient to make production in the manufacturing industry. Arguably, global recession brough t about the disparity in the industry because the manufacturers were not able to reach market demands. In addition, the lending rates went up because of inflation as the sterling weakened to relatively low levels. Therefore, the manufacturing industry had to borrow at extremely high lending rates, which they could not manage to repay since their profit levels were insufficient. In this regard, the manufacturing

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Psychology - Essay Example We will also relate Constructive Developmental Theory to the best development perspective out of the three. Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory is basically related to the working of unconscious mind. â€Å"Sigmund Freud's belief was that human beings possess minds that are divided into two parts: an unconscious and a conscious† (Slupesky, 2004). Freud believed that human development takes place in a predetermined order. This theory believes that unhealthy people can suffer from irrational pleasure seeking or guilt because they are in unconscious state of mind and are not aware of the unconscious processes taking place in their minds. The therapy for such people includes bringing an understanding of the unconscious into the conscious in order to make the person understand the choices that he or she has in life. Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Similar to Freud, Erikson also believed that human development takes place in a predetermined order. Erikson’s theory focused more on social development of a person whereas Freud focused the psychological development. Erikson expanded Freud’s theory by mentioning that the process of human development continues throughout the life of a human.

What is correlation analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

What is correlation analysis - Essay Example What is correlation analysis? Coefficient of correlation is a measure of the strength of the linear relationship between two variables. In this case both variables must be at least the interval scale of measurement and the coefficient of correlation can range from -1.00 up to 1.00. If the correlation between two variables is 0, there is no association between them. A value of 1.00 indicates perfect positive correlation, and -1.00 perfect negative correlations. A positive sign means there is a direct relationship between the variables, and a negative sign means there is an inverse relationship. In regression analysis estimate one variable based on another variable and regression equation is an equation that expresses the linear relationship between two variables. The variable being estimated is the dependent variable and the variable used to make the estimate is the independent variable. The relationship between the variables must be linear. Both the independent and the dependent variables must interval or ratio scale and the least squares criterion is used to determine the regression equation. According to this assignment it’s required to express an equation in implicit form for two Major League Baseball teams in order to measure would it be profitable to pay $4 million to a free agent who would raise the team’s winning rate. A hypothesis is an assumption about the population parameter to be tested based on sample information. The statistical testing of hypothesis is the most important technique in statistical inference.

Provide a briefing note to the Secretary of State for Energy and Essay

Provide a briefing note to the Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change in advance of the preparation of a new Energy Bill - Essay Example s relied on the provisions of the Energy White Paper of 2007, Energy White Paper of 2003, the Energy Review Report of 2006 and the Low Carbon Transition Plan of July 2009 Previous energy Bills in the United Kingdom have contributed to sustainable use of energy through various means. The energy laws have helped to regulate the taxation and use of energy in terms of both renewable and non-renewable energy. They have provided the legal provisions that have regulation extraction of energy resources, manufacturing, transportation and selling of energy products in the country (Makuch & Pereira, 2012). This means that the energy marketers and distributors in the country operate within limits of energy laws ensuring that they do not exploit citizens or overuse energy resources that could lead to environmental problems and energy depletion. Previous laws have helped in the above issues as energy use has increased over the years as shown in the chart below An important aspect of the previous energy laws and bills is that they have helped in providing an environment that provides for competition in the energy sector among energy firms, both large and small. This has helped in stabilizing prices of energy products for the consumer because the competition has ensured that companies provide competitive prices to woo consumers to buy their brands. The energy laws recognize that energy is required in all sectors of the economy and takes into account issues of production and distribution of various forms of energy and future requirements of the same. The challenges that the previous energy bulls have failed to address include Previous energy bills in the UK have met several criticisms with regard to a variety of issues. First, UK energy bills have been criticised for encouraging waste of energy. Energy laws in UK have been insufficient in ensuring that it meets the standards of the EU energy-saving laws. The main reason for this has been poor implementation of the bills put in

Leadership Communication Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership Communication - Research Paper Example The reason that a plan to change the image of the company is important is because bad press leads to a decline in sales for an organization. The firm has to implement a variety of strategies to improve the corporate image of the company. The first strategy I would implement is to develop a corporate news bulletin to be released to the general public. The booklet should explain the operations of the company. It should mentioned all the safety measures the company takes to prevent accidents and it should provide a history of the company to prove to the general public that the explosion at the plant was an isolated incident. The firm must include an article explaining the reason that the explosion occurred to demonstrate to the public that the explosion was an industrial accident that could not have been prevented. In the news bulletin the firm should make public the new safety plan that the company is going to use to prevent accidents in the future. There should also be testimonials in the news bulletin from the employees expressing how happy the employees are working for the company. The company should also implement a strategy to move attention away from the explosion incident to demonstrate that XYZ Corporation is a socially responsible corporation. ... One of those causes should be the battle against hunger. The company will donate $250,000 to help support hunger in the continent of Africa. Over 41% of the people in the Sub-Sahara African region lives on less than $1 a day and 32% are undernourished (Thp). A good non-profit organization to donate the money to is Feed The Children. The company will donate an additional $250,000 to support the victims of HIV/Aids and cancer patients. The firm is not going to limit itself to monetary donations. The company is going to also donate the time of its employees to provide valuable labor to non-profit organizations throughout America. The firm will donate an amount of 1000 labor hours of its employees over a period of one year. The philanthropic initiatives the company is going to implement are a great way to change the corporate image of the firm, but these initiatives are only effective if the general public knows that they are occurring. The firm will launch an advertising campaign to sho wcase the socially responsible initiatives the company is undertaking. The company will spend $500,000 in advertisements using a variety of marketing channels including the written press, television, radio, internet, and cellular advertising. The public relations campaign is going to help build up the reputation of the company and it will stir attention away from the explosion incident that occurred at the organization. In today’s competitive business environment companies cannot afford to get their reputation tarnished. Companies with bad reputations are firms that customers do not realize business with. XYZ Corporation has to act quickly to minimize the damage to its image that the explosion caused. The plan that the firm will implement is going to help revive the

Business Law - Nike v. Kasky Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Law - Nike v. Kasky - Essay Example Kasky went on to say that this was a case of false advertising and that this clearly constituted commercial speech, this was important because the protection that is offered under the First Amendment offers protection to non commercial speech and does not in any way protect commercial speech. Nike’s response stated that the laws on false advertising did not cover the company’s expression of its views in respect of public issue and the fact that such views were clearly protected under the First Amendment as what had been said and done by Nike was non- commercial speech. The trial court agreed with the arguments of Nike and went on to say that such action was non-commercial speech and was therefore protected under the federal and state constitutions without leave to amend. The Plaintiff appealed to the Court of Appeal which in turn acknowledged the findings of the trial court and stated the same things that is what was important was the fact that the alleged false and misleading statements by Nike were commercial or non-commercial. This was so because it would determine the protection that was offered by the First Amendment. The court went on to reiterate the fact that these were non commercial speech and so protection under constitutional free speech provisions was provided. Thus the Court of Appeal granted the plaintiff’s petition for review. Thus the main issues that needed to be determined first were whether the speech that was made by Nike was commercial or non-commercial. This would be necessary because of the degree of protection provided as well as determination of false advertising. In the current scenario it is clear that the requirement that a person making such a statement gives it as a commercial speaker is satisfied, this is because the persons who gave such statements were in business. Furthermore, the main reason for giving such a statement was to protect

Letter for Google Essay Example for Free

Letter for Google Essay Dear Mr. Schmidt:Â  From the inception, the field of Sales and Marketing has enticed me at its best and has motivated me to opt for such courses that further foster my interest in the same field and build up more skills. Therefore, I did my bachelors in which I opted Marketing courses as my electives, and now I am doing MBA in the same field. Taking courses does not suffice; in fact, there must be some practical work experience where we can apply what we have actually learned. As far as the work experience is concerned, I have done two internships – first in an FMCG company and the second in a Pharmaceutical company. I have been part of industries that have dynamic sales and marketing departments; therefore, I made the most of my internships and learned as much as I could along with developing good relationships with the employees. I have build up certain skills and abilities that include not only understanding the customers and their attitudes, but also keeping them satisfied, boosting up sales, and devising effective marketing campaigns. Google is an organization where I can apply my existing knowledge and skills and further polish them, since the Sales and Marketing of Google is quite strong and have loads of knowledge and expertise to be acquired. I have highlighted some of my key skills and qualifications as follows: ØÂ   Ability to understand other people’s attitudes and behavior and act accordingly; this involves the presence of Emotional Intelligence ØÂ   Ability to work as a team member and as a team leader, keeping counterparts motivated and directed towards the goals ØÂ   Strong forecasting and decision-making skills ØÂ   Adept in making marketing plans, conducting feasibility studies, devising creative ideas and effectively implementing them ØÂ   Some Human Resources skills such as, organization, administration, motivation, and managing the resources efficiently My knowledge, skills, and hand-on experience would be suitable enough for your organization and can benefit it. Moreover, I would welcome the opportunity to have an interview for internship where I can express my qualifications in a better way. I am really looking forward to it and would be grateful to you. Thank you for your consideration. Sincerely, Name Enclosure References Video attached

Improving Performance of MANET under DSR Protocol

Improving Performance of MANET under DSR Protocol Improving Performance of MANET under DSR Protocol using Swarm Optimization to avoid redundancy CHAPTER 5 Implementation and Testing The implementation phase of any project development is the most important phase as it yields the final solution, which solves the problem at hand. The implementation phase involves actual materialization of the ideas, which are expressed in the analysis document and developed in design phase. Implementation of any software is always preceded by important decisions regarding selection of the platform, the language used, etc. These decisions are often influenced by several factors such as the real environment in which the system work, the speed that is required, the security concerns, other implementation specific details etc. Implementation should be perfect matching with the design document in order to achieve the necessary final product. For implementation of our system we use Network Simulator (NS) tool for simulation of the network and programming languages like Tool Command Language (TCL) and AWK are used for coding. 5.1 General Implementation Implementation and simulation under NS-2 consists of 3 steps: Simulation Design The first step in simulating a network is to design the simulation. In this step, the users should determine the simulation purposes, network configuration and assumptions, the performance measures, and the type of expected results Configuring and Running Simulation This step implements the design described in the first step. It consists of two phases: Network configuration phase: In this phase network components (e.g., node, mobile sink, base station TCP and UDP) are created and configured according to the simulation design. Also, the events such as data transfer are scheduled to start at a certain time. Simulation Phase: This phase starts the simulation which was configured in the Network Configuration Phase. It maintains the simulation clock and executes events chronologically. An algorithm is a procedure or formula for solving a problem. A computer program can be viewed as an elaborate algorithm. In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm usually means a small procedure that solves a recurrent problem. The algorithms used in the project to solve the problem. Evaluation of Fitness Function The fitness function F(x) is defined as follows: F(x) = PDR/k k*[NO + AD + PD] Where, NO = Normalized Overhead AD = Average End to End Delay PD = Number of Packet drop PDR = Packet Delivery Ratio k = Proportionality constant used for the optimization of fitness function. Value of k lies between 0 1 i.e. O 5.1.1 Proposed Algorithm 1) Genetic Algorithm Step 1. Simulate the network using the DSR protocol. Step 2. After the simulation, analyze the Trace file. This gives the number of different paths for the same source and destination pair. Step 3. Choose two paths PI P2 for the same source and destination pair with the equal number of nodes n. Step 4. Calculate the Routing Load (RL) MAC Load (ML),Packet Delivery Ratio ( PDR), End-to-End Delay (D), and number of packets dropped, for the selected path. Step 5. Apply fitness function on the path chosen in step 3. Step 6. Apply crossover on the path chosen in step 3 at random site. Step 7. Apply mutation after crossover on the path chosen in step 3 on the randomly chosen site. Step 8. Step 6 gives two new paths P1 P2 with one new node as compared to the old path. Let the new node in path PI be nl and in P2 be n2. Step 9. If n 1 belongs to network topology then apply the fitness function on the respective path otherwise discard the path. Step 10. Do the same for node n2 as in Step 9. Step 11. Consider the path with the highest fitness function value and:- { Respective path will be the optimal path for the given source and destination pair. The node replaced from the previous path is the misbehaving node. } 2) Ant Colony Optimization Step 1: Calculate the probability of selection of newly generated path that are obtain by applying genetic algorithm for the given source-destination pair. The path will be selected with the higher probability. P à °Ã‚ Ã…“‚ij= pheromone on the link. à °Ã‚ Ã…“‚ij visibility factor of the link. B k k is a constant used for optimization and lies between 0 and 1 à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¼, B are the constant aco optimization constant Step 2: The backward ant accumulates the pheromone and also the evaporation of pheromone take place, now we calculate the updated pheromone after the evaporation, à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ij= (i,j) accumulated pheromone on the link. FF Fitness Function k proposnality à °Ã‚ Ã…“ new=Ï *à °Ã‚ Ã…“ old+à °Ã‚ Ã…“  Step 3: The path with the higher path preference probability will be considered as the best path and the data transmission can be started along that path. Network Simulator2 (NS2) Network Simulator (Version 2), extensively recognized as NS2, is basically an event driven simulation tool that has established helpful in learning the dynamic environment of communication networks. Simulation of agitated as well as wireless network purposes and protocols for example, routing algorithms, TCP, and UDP can be completed using NS-2. In all-purpose, and then the NS-2 make available for the users by means of a way of identifying such network protocols and simulating their corresponding activities. NS-2 is written in C++, with an OTcl1 interpreter as a command and configuration interface. The C++ part, which is fast to run but slower to change, is used for detailed protocol implementation. The OTcl part, on the other hand, which runs much slower but can be changed very fast quickly, is used for simulation configuration. One of the advantages of this split language program approach is that it allows for fast generation of large scenarios. To simply use the simulator, it is sufficient to know OTcl. On the other hand, one disadvantage is that modifying and extending the simulator requires programming and debugging in both languages. NS-2 can simulate the following: Topology: Wired Wireless Transport Protocols: TCP, UDP Routing: Static and dynamic routing Application: FTP, HTTP, Telnet, Traffic generators 5.2.1 Basic Architecture of NS2 The basic architecture of NS2 is shown in the figure 5.1 below. NS2 provides users with executable command ns which take one input quarrel, the name of a Tcl simulation scripting file. Users are providing for the name of a Tcl simulation script as an input argument of anNS2 executable command that is ns. In the majority suitcases, a simulation trace file is shaped, and is second-hand to plot graph and/or to construct animation. NS-2 consists of two key languages: C++ and Object-oriented Tool Command Language (OTcl). While the C++ characterizes the internal apparatus of the simulation objects, the OTcl sets up simulation by pull together and configuring the substance as well as preparation discrete events. The C++ and the OTcl are linked collectively by means of TclCL. Mapped to a C++ object; variables in the OTcl sphere of influence are occasionally referred to as switches. Theoretically, a handle for example, n as a Node handle is just a string in the Otcl sphere of influence, and does not surround any functionality. Instead, the functionality for example, receiving a packet is distinct in the mapped C++ object examples are, of class Connector. In the OTcl province, a handle take steps as a frontend which interrelated with consumers and other Otcl objects. After simulation, NS-2 out puts moreover text-based or animation-based simulation consequences. Figure 5.1: Basic Architecture of NS2 To interpret these results graphically and interactively, tools such as NAM (Network Animator) and Xgraph are used. To investigate an exacting behavior of the network, clients can extract a relevant subset of text-based data and make over it to a more conceivable presentation Tcl and OTcl Programming Tcl (Tool Command Language) is used by millions of people in the world. It is a language with a very simple syntax and it allows a very easy integration with other languages. The characteristics of these languages are as follows: It allows a fast development It provide a graphic interface It is compatible with many platforms It is flexible for integration It is easy to use It is free Some of the basics of Tcl and Otcl programming are listed below. Assigning a value to a variable is done through the â€Å"set† command; for example: â€Å"set b 0†assigns the value 0 to b. When we want to use the value assigned to a variable, we should use a $ sign before the variable. For example, if we want to assign the value of the variable b, we should write â€Å"set x $a†. A mathematical operation is done using the expression command. For example, if we wish to assign the sum of values of variables a and b, we should write â€Å"set x [expr $a+$b]†. The sign # starts a commented line that is not part of the program, so the Tcl interpreter will not execute this line. Performance Analysis Module This module performs processing of output result set to compute the various performance metrics required to analyze the performance of flow slice based routing. This module includes following AWK scripts to compute various performance metrics. Plotting graphs for the performance metric to analyze the performance. The Fig 4.11 gives Flow chart for working of performance analysis module, Understanding the trace file format is essential for modeling performance metric computation. Manually interpretation of NS2 trace files for wireless simulation as follows ACTION:[s|r|D]: s sent, r received, D dropped WHEN:the time when the action happened WHERE:the node where the action happened LAYER:AGT application, RTR routing, LL link layer (ARP is done here), IFQ outgoing packet queue (between link and mac layer), MAC Mac, PHY physical SEQNO:the sequence number of the packet TYPE:The packet type cbr CBR data stream packet ftp – FTP data stream packet DSR DSR routing packet (control packet generated by routing) RTS RTS packet generated by MAC 802.11 ARP link layer ARP packet SIZE:the size of packet at current layer, when packet goes down, size increases, goes up size decreases [a b c d]:a The packet duration in Mac layer header b The mac address of destination c The mac address of source d The mac type of the packet body Figure 5.2: Flow chart for working of performance analysis module Initialization and Termination of NS2 An ns simulation starts with the command set ns [new Simulator] The first line in the tcl script. This declares a new variable NS using the set command. The code [new Simulator] is the instantiation of the class Simulator using the reserved word new.In order to have output files with data in the simulation (trace files) or files for visualization (nam files); we need to create the files using the â€Å"open† command as follows: #Open the Trace file set tracefile1 [open out.tr w] $ns trace-all $namfile #Open the NAM trace file Set namfile [open out.nam w] $ns namtrace-all $namfile The above procedures create a data trace file called â€Å"out.tr† and a nam visualization trace file called â€Å"out.nam†. The second lines open the file â€Å"out.tr† to be used for writing, declared with the letter â€Å"w†. The third line uses a simulator method called trace-all that have name of file as parameter where the traces will go. The termination of the program is done using a â€Å"finish† procedure. #Define a finish procedure proc finish {} { global ns tracefile1 namfile $ns flush–trace close $tracefile1 close $namfile execnamout.nam exit 0 } Plotting with X graph Xgraph is a plotting utility that is provided by ns. It allows to create postscript, Tgif files, and others, by clicking on the button â€Å"Hdcpy†. It can be invoked within the tcl command which results in an immediate display after the end of the simulation. The xgraph command expects one or more ASCII files as input containing each x-y data point pair perl line. Some of the options in xgraph are: Title: use –t â€Å"title†. Size: geometry xsize z ysize. Title for axis: -x â€Å"xtitle† (for the title of the x axis) and –y â€Å"ytitle† (for the title of the y axis) Color of text and grid: with the flag –v Command for the above options would be shown below Xgraph ov.xg in terms of load units for the† overhead†,Xgraph dl.xg in terms of microsec â€Å"delay†,Xgraph pdr.xg percentage of delivered data for† packet deliver ratio†. 5.3 Network Animator (NAM) When a simulation is finished, NS produces one or more text-based output files that contain detailed simulation data, if specified to do so in the input script. The data can be used for simulation analysis or as an input to a graphical simulation display tool called NAM. NAM has a nice graphical user interface. It can graphically present information such as throughput and number of packet drops at each link NAM is started with the command nam where is the name of a NAM trace file that was generated by NS, or it can execute it directly out of the TCL simulation script for the simulation to visualize. Figure 5.3: A Simple NAM Window 5.4 Test Setup The aim of testing stage is to discover defects/errors by testing individual program components. These components may be functions and the objects or modules. During system testing then these components are integrated to form the complete system. At this stage, of testing should focus on establishing that the system meets its functional requirements and does not behave in unexpected ways. Test data are inputs which have been devised to test the system whereas test cases are inputs to test the system and the outputs are predicted from these inputs if the system operates according to its specification the result of this is used to examine the behavior in a cohesive system. The test cases are selected to ensure that the system behavior can be examined in all possible combinations of conditions. Detecting all the different failure modes for software is generally infeasible. Software testing is used in association with verification and validation: Verification: Have built the software right (i.e., does it match the specification)? Validation: Have built the right software (i.e., is this what the customer wants)? Testing Process Testing is an integral part of software development. Testing process, in a way certifies, whether the product, that is developed, complies with the standards, that it was designed for Testing process involves building of test cases, against which, the product has to be tested. In some cases, test cases are done based on the system requirements specified for the product/software, which is to be developed. Testing Objectives These following objectives imply a dramatic change in view port the testing cannot show absence of defects, it can only show that software errors are present. Testing forms process of executing a program with the intent of finding an error. A good test case design is one that has a probability of finding an error yet undiscovered. A successful test will discovers all the bugs and user can undertake steps to rectify them. 5.4.1 Test Environment The software was tested on the following platform. Operating System – Ubuntu 11.10 Ns-allinone-2.35 DSR to find multiple paths using Genetic Algorithm 5.4.2 System testing Here the entire software system is tested and the reference document for this process is the requirements document the main goal is to see if the system meets its requirements. Each module and component of project was thoroughly tested to remove bugs through a system testing strategy. Test cases were generated for all possible input sequences and the output was verified for its correctness. Test cases for system testing are mentioned below. Software testing is the process used to help identify the correctness and completeness of developed system. Testing is a process of technical investigation that is intended to reveal if the system works in a way it is intended to operate. Testing furnishes a comparison that compares the state and behavior of the product against a specification. Software testing also provides an objective and the independent view of the software to allow the business to appreciate and understand the risks of software implementation. 5.4.3 Testing Artifacts Software testing development shown with many artifacts and they are: Test Plan: A test specification is normally known as test plan and the investigators are well conscious about what test plans determination is implemented and this information is made obtainable to administration and the developers. The manager or the foremost supervisory plan is to put together them more careful when increasing the code or construction additional revolutionizes. Traceability matrix: A traceability matrix is counters that draw a parallel necessity or propose for the documents to test documents and it is used to substantiate that the results are acceptable. Test case: The test case in general consists of a exclusive identifier and obligation references from a design specification then the preconditions along with the events a series of steps known as actions to follow the input output and expected result including the actual result. All these phases can be accumulated in a word central processing unit document, with the spreadsheet, and also the database, or other common repository. Test suite: The good number of frequent phrase for a collected works of test cases is a test suite. The test suite frequently also contains more comprehensive instructions or goals for each collected works of test cases. Test data: Numerous positions of standards or data are used to test the identical functionality of an exacting characteristic. It is also helpful to manufacture this data to the client and with the creation of or a project. Test harness: The software apparatus, illustration of information input and output, and arrangements are all referred to cooperatively as a test harness. Testing Methods The testing methods describe the approach that is used to test the working of the project. These approaches tests whether the functionality of the project address with the existing requirements. Overall functionality of the project is also tested. Types of test carried out are: Unit testing Integration testing Function testing Unit testing A unit test is a piece of code that invokes a unit of work and checks one specific end result of that unit of work. If the assumptions on the end result turn out to be wrong, the unit test has failed. In unit testing and black-box testing then the white-box testing are done to check the correctness of the existing functionality. Normal Manual testing has been done to check the correctness of the functionality of the project. Then the further results of each testing are depicted in the table the test case approach has been chosen out of the testing artifacts. Integration Testing Integration testing is any type of software testing that seeks to verify the interfaces between the components against a software design. Integration test may be performed all at once the top-down and bottom-up then significant piece first, some time integrating functional subsystems first and then integrating the subsystems in separate phases using any of the basic strategies. Usually larger the project, the more important the integration strategy will be to the project. Functional testing Functional testing is the generation of test cases from specifications is a valuable and flexible approach to software testing application from very early system specification right through module specification Functional testing deriving test cases from program specifications. Functional said to set of information used in test cases design not to what is tested also known as Specification based testing (from specifications) black-box testing (no view of the code)and the Functional and the specification description of intended program behavior either formal or informal.

Royal Institute Of British Architects Work Plan Stages

Royal Institute Of British Architects Work Plan Stages The RIBA Plan of Work describes the activities from appraising the clients requirements through to post construction. The stages are also used in the appointment of architects and help to identify consultant services and indicate the resource and fee total by Work Stage. The information below is in accordance with CABE principles (Creating Excellent Buildings: A guide for clients, 2003, CABE and Being involved in School Design, 2004, CABE)) and the RIBA Plan of Work. The choice of procurement route has a fundamental influence on how different Work Stages proceed. This is summarised in outline as far as possible but the exact way in which different Stages are conducted within the overall project programme needs careful consideration at the outset. It is worth noting that the RIBA Plan of Work was originally developed to reflect the needs of Traditional contract forms. The subsequent development of alternative contract forms such as PFI, BSF and partnered contracts means that RIBA Stages dont necessarily fit precisely with discrete stages in these alternative contract forms. The Achieving Excellence in Construction Procurement guide 11 Sustainability identifies the intervention points for larger programmes such as BSF including PFI. See www.ogc.gov.uk. Any project needs a vision and key performance indicators to be identified up front. They should be assessed at each stage to monitor achievement and check that they are still appropriate. For a project that wants to integrate sustainability in all aspects of a project this is even more important, as for many clients it will involve some changes to conventional methods and new ways of working need strong management support if they are to be successfully implemented. KPIs should be identified in the early project stages for the whole of the Prepare, Design, Construct and Use cycle. RIBA Work Stage (Common name) People involved Purpose of work and decisions needed Tasks to be undertaken PREPARATION RIBA Stage A Appraisal (Briefing) All client interests, architect/ lead designer (depending on procurement route) Identification of Clients requirements and any possible constraints on development. Preparation of studies to enable the Client to decide whether to proceed and to select the probable procurement method. The latter is a particularly important decision, as it will determine the way in which project resources, responsibilities and risks are apportioned between the Client and its consultants and contractors. Set up project steering group or equivalent and identify the vision and key performance indicators (KPIs) for the project. Consider funding and procurement route- BSF, Academy, DfES bid, LEA resources, school, other agencies. Traditional contract: Submit funding bid to DfES Appoint Design Team PFI/BSF contract: Prepare option appraisals Submit outline business case (OBC) Obtain OBC approval Fix budget for project Advertise in OJEU Partnering contract: Advertise for and select partnering contractor Develop scheme with client and contractor to determine budget Appoint design advisor, education expert and design champion. Set up Client organisation for briefing RIBA Stage B Preparing Strategic Brief Clients representatives, consortium/ partnering team members, architects, engineers and QS according to the nature of the project. Preparation of general outline of requirements and planning of future action on behalf of, the client with client confirming key requirements and constraints. Identification of procedures, organisational structure and range of consultants and others to be engaged for the project. The strategic brief is a key output from this stage and becomes the clear responsibility of the client. Studies of user requirements, site conditions, planning, design and cost etc, as necessary to reach decisions Monitor performance against the vision and KPIs for the project. LEA prepares accommodation schedules in consultation with schools. Traditional contract: Sketch design proposals Cost check against budget Prepare final detailed brief. PFI/BSF contract: Select shortlist of bidders. Prepare ITN and issue to bidders Receive bids from bidders Evaluate sample designs (BSF) Evaluate and select Preferred Bidder Partnering contract: Decide Partnering Programme (workshops etc.) Cost check against budget DESIGN RIBA Stage C Outline proposals Stage C begins when the architects brief has been determined in sufficient detail (Sketch plans) All client interests, consortium/ partnering team members, architects, engineers, QS and specialists are required. Provide the client with an appraisal and recommendation in order that they may determine the form in which the project is to proceed. Ensure that it is feasible functionally, technically and financially. At this point the development of the strategic brief into the full project brief begins and outline design proposals and cost estimates are prepared. Develop the brief further. Do studies on user requirements, technical aspects, planning, design and costs as necessary to reach decisions. Monitor performance against the vision and KPIs for the project. Traditional contract: C to F Detailed design and tender documentation produced PFI/BSF contract: C to F Negotiations with preferred Bidder to finalise contract details. Non sample designs prepared in BSF Partnering contract: C to F Final design developed jointly within budget constraints, most likely to an Agreed Maximum Price (AMP). The Brief should not be modified substantially after this point. Depending on the procurement route, changes after this stage can incur additional cost or lengthen the programme. DESIGN RIBA Stage D Scheme Design &Planning; Detailed Proposals; Submit Planning Application (Planning drawings) All client interests, architects, engineers, QS and specialists and all statutory and other approving authorities, contractor (if appointed). Determines the general approach to the layout, design and construction in order to obtain authoritative approval of the client on the outline proposals. The project brief will be fully developed and detailed proposals will be made and compiled, generally in a Stage D report. The application for full development control approval will be made at this point. Complete final development brief and full design of the project by the architect. Engineers prepare preliminary design. Preparation of cost plan and full explanatory report. Submit proposals for all approvals. Monitor performance against the vision and KPIs for the project. Traditional contract: C to F Detailed design and tender documentation produced PFI/BSF contract: C to F Negotiations with preferred Bidder to finalise contract details. Non sample designs prepared in BSF Partnering contract: C to F Final design developed jointly within budget constraints, most likely to an Agreed Maximum Price (AMP). DESIGN RIBA Stage E Detail Design; Final proposals. All client interests, architects, engineers, QS and specialists and all statutory and other approving authorities, contractor (if appointed). Completion of the brief with decisions made on the planning arrangement, appearance, construction method, outline specification and cost of the project. All approvals will be obtained at this stage, including for Building Regulations. In effect, during this Stage final proposals are developed for the Project sufficient for co-ordination of all its components and elements to realise the construction. Full design of every part and component of the building by collaboration of all concerned. Complete cost checking of designs. Monitor performance against the vision and KPIs for the project. Traditional contract: C to F Detailed design and tender documentation produced PFI/BSF contract: C to F Negotiations with preferred Bidder to finalise contract details. Non sample designs prepared in BSF Partnering contract: C to F Final design developed jointly within budget constraints most likely to an Agreed Maximum Price (AMP). Any further change in location, size, shape, construction method or cost after this time is likely to result in abortive work. Some procurement methods can make it easier and less costly to make changes after this Stage. DESIGN RIBA Stage F Production information Architects, QS, engineers and specialists, contractor (if appointed). Final decisions taken on every matter related to design, specification, construction and cost. For a traditional procurement process, production information is first prepared in sufficient detail to enable a tender or tenders to be obtained. Any further production information required under the building contract to complete the information for construction is then prepared. All statutory approvals should be obtained by the end of this phase. Prepare final production information i.e. drawings, schedules and specifications. Monitor performance against the vision and KPIs for the project. Traditional contract: C to F Detailed design and tender documentation produced PFI/BSF contract: C to F Negotiations with preferred Bidder to finalise contract details. Non sample designs prepared in BSF Partnering contract: C to F Final design developed jointly within budget constraints, most likely to an Agreed Maximum Price (AMP). DESIGN RIBA Stage G Tender documents; Bills of Quantities Architects, engineers and specialists. Contractor (if appointed) Prepare and collate tender documentation in sufficient detail to enable a tender or tenders to be obtained for the construction of the Project. It should be noted that this Stage is much more relevant to Traditional forms of procurement. Prepare Bills of Quantities and tender documents Monitor performance against the vision and KPIs for the project Traditional contract: G to H Tendering process contractor selected PFI/BSF contract: G to H PFI contract signed LEP established in BSF Negotiations with contractor for future phases in BSF Partnering contract: G to H Contract signed Maximum price (AMP) fixed DESIGN RIBA Stage H Tender action Architects, QS, engineers, contractor, client. Prepare and complete all information and arrangements for obtaining tender(s). Identify potential contractors and/or specialists for the construction of the project. Tenders obtained and appraised with recommendations made to the client body or Steering Group to allow an appointment to be made. It is important that the contractors understanding of, and commitment to, the project vision and its sustainability is tested at this stage. This can be achieved by the inclusion of this as a key selection criterion early in the procurement process. Hold pre-tender briefing for potential contractors to ensure they have a good project understanding Obtain and appraise tenders Appoint contractor Monitor performance against the vision and KPIs for the project. CONSTRUCT CONSTRUCT CONSTRUCT RIBA Stage J Project Planning; Mobilisation (Site Operations) Architects, QS, engineers, contractor, client Building contract let and contractor appointed Production information issued to the contractor Site is handed over to the contractor Take action in accordance with the RIBA Plan of Work Appoint contractor Hand over site to contractor to prepare prior to construction Monitor performance against the vision and KPIs for the project. Traditional contract: J to M Construction monitored by design team PFI/BSF contract: J to M Construction of first phase Facilities Management (FM) service delivery commences on completion Partnering contract: J to M Contractor, design ream and client continue to partner to achieve budget/programme RIBA Stage K Operations on Site; Construction to Practical Completion (Site Operations) Contractors, sub-contractors Contractor programmes the work in accordance with the contract and commences work on site. The client or their representative the architect in Traditional procurement administers the building contract up to and including practical completion (this is the point at which the contractor hands back ownership of the site and completed project to the client). Further information supplied to the contractor as and when reasonably required. Take action in accordance with the RIBA Plan of Work Regular site inspections of work to ensure it meets specification. Monitor performance against the vision and KPIs for the project RIBA Stage L Completion (Site Operations) Architects, engineers, contractors, sub-contractors, QS, client This Stage is clearly separated from the construction phase. Final inspections are made to ensure specifications have been met. In addition, the final account is settled Take action in accordance with the RIBA Plan of Work Monitor performance against the vision and KPIs for the project USE RIBA Stage M Feedback Architect, engineers, QS, contractor, client, users as appropriate At this Stage, the building has been handed over to the client for occupation. Any defects will have been remedied and the final account settled. This allows the management, construction and performance of the project to be assessed. Analyse job records and inspect completed building(s) as appropriate. Conduct studies of the building in use. These are particularly important to focus on energy in use against the design specification. Monitor performance against the vision and KPIs for the project. The RIBA Stages conclude at Stage M. For projects to be sustainable, the operational and decommissioning phases need to be separately identified and planned for by the client. For PFI/BSF procurement, these will be the responsibility of the consortium.

Goblins, Imps, Brownies, Trolls, Pixies, and Bogies †Yesterday and Today :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Goblins, Imps, Brownies, Trolls, Pixies, and Bogies – Yesterday and Today In modern day, one is not likely to encounter a goblin in one’s travels, except perhaps those found scurrying after candy on Halloween night. However, goblins, as well as imps, brownies, trolls, pixies, and bogies were once considered as much a part of daily life as cows and chickens.(Briggs, These were the fairies, the half-natural, half supernatural beings that helped and haunted mankind throughout most of the world. The Scottish divided these fairies worldS into two groups, the Seelie Court, those helpful to humans, and the Unseelie Court, those who were mischievous, misleading, or downright evil. At the lowest rungs of the Unseelie court, one would find the goblins. (Briggs, 357) The goblins have changed, however, since these dark times, and it is the purpose of this paper to show the evolution of these monsters from medieval fairy, to subterranean miner, to Sauron’s horde of minions, and into other various modern-day incarnations. Additionally, the cul tural driving forces of feminist theology, Freudian psychology, political agendas, and technological fears will be used to explain several of the more notable goblin literary works. Finally, it will be shown how the medieval concept of the goblin, the fairy trickster, will resurface after a hundred years of exile in the form of the gremlin. The goblin as a fairy has its roots mainly in Britain, although they had counterparts in most of Europe. The French had goeblins, the Germans kobolds, the Welsh pwca (pooka), and even the Japanese had the tengu. However, the name ‘goblin’ is attributed to an Italian origin. The story goes that in Florence there were two infamous houses, the Guelfs and the Gibelins. So malicious were the members of these families that mothers would warn unruly children that the Guelfs and the Gibelins would come to get them if they did not behave. Thus the modern words ‘elves’ and ‘goblins’ were born. (Latham, p. 48) The fairy goblin ranged in disposition from the truly sinister to the near-harmless trickster. An example of the nastier medieval goblins is the legend of Redcap, a vicious goblin who inhabited a deserted castle. He was described by William Henderson in Folklore of the Northern Countries as a â€Å".

The Empiricist Journey of Young Goodman Brown Essays -- Young Goodman

The Empiricist Journey of Young Goodman Brown  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In the late 17th century, John Locke was one of the most influential people of his age. He was a renowned philosopher who established radical ideas about the political, social, and psychological ideals of mankind. One of his philosophical ideas, which he is said to be the founder of, is British Empiricism. This idea holds that "all knowledge is derived from experience whether of the mind or the senses" ("Empiricism" 480). In any man’s life, there arises such a point in time where he comes to the realization that there is a sense of evil in the world. Whether it is by something as subtle as locking the door at night before going to bed or being directly confronted at gun point as a man demands your tennis shoes, at some point man will realize that the innocence of his childhood does not last forever. Locke believed that people gain knowledge from their own personal experience. For Young Goodman Brown, this experience comes with his journey into the forest with the fellow traveler as chronicled in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story. Initially, Brown was, as his namesake foretells, a "young, good man" who believes in man’s basic goodness, yet within the inner desires of his heart wishes to see what all the world had to offer. Therefore, he set off on a "journey" into the forest to explore the world of this unknown evil. The story of "Young Goodman Brown" is a classic example of the empiricist ideas of Locke in how the intrigues of the unknown beckoned Young Brown as he experienced the transition between his initial idea of man’s basic goodness to the reality that evil exists in the heart of every man. However, before we can analyze Young Goodman Brown’s journey in the for... ...h he knows little about. Works Cited Brown, Vivenne. "The ‘Figure’ of God and the Limits to Liberalism: A Rereading of Locke’s ‘Essay’ and ‘Two Treatises’". Journal of the History of Ideas 60.1 (1999): 85. "Empiricism." New Encyclopaedia Brittanica. 1998 ed. Volume 4, 480. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "Young Goodman Brown." The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 268-276. Locke, John. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. New York: Penguin, 1974. Meyer, Michael, ed. "A Study of Three Authors: Nathaniel Hawthorne, Flannery O’Connor, and Alice Munro." The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 267. Tritt, Michael. "‘Young Goodman Brown’ and the Psychology of Projection". Studies in Short Fiction. 23 (1996): 113-117.    The Empiricist Journey of Young Goodman Brown Essays -- Young Goodman The Empiricist Journey of Young Goodman Brown  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In the late 17th century, John Locke was one of the most influential people of his age. He was a renowned philosopher who established radical ideas about the political, social, and psychological ideals of mankind. One of his philosophical ideas, which he is said to be the founder of, is British Empiricism. This idea holds that "all knowledge is derived from experience whether of the mind or the senses" ("Empiricism" 480). In any man’s life, there arises such a point in time where he comes to the realization that there is a sense of evil in the world. Whether it is by something as subtle as locking the door at night before going to bed or being directly confronted at gun point as a man demands your tennis shoes, at some point man will realize that the innocence of his childhood does not last forever. Locke believed that people gain knowledge from their own personal experience. For Young Goodman Brown, this experience comes with his journey into the forest with the fellow traveler as chronicled in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story. Initially, Brown was, as his namesake foretells, a "young, good man" who believes in man’s basic goodness, yet within the inner desires of his heart wishes to see what all the world had to offer. Therefore, he set off on a "journey" into the forest to explore the world of this unknown evil. The story of "Young Goodman Brown" is a classic example of the empiricist ideas of Locke in how the intrigues of the unknown beckoned Young Brown as he experienced the transition between his initial idea of man’s basic goodness to the reality that evil exists in the heart of every man. However, before we can analyze Young Goodman Brown’s journey in the for... ...h he knows little about. Works Cited Brown, Vivenne. "The ‘Figure’ of God and the Limits to Liberalism: A Rereading of Locke’s ‘Essay’ and ‘Two Treatises’". Journal of the History of Ideas 60.1 (1999): 85. "Empiricism." New Encyclopaedia Brittanica. 1998 ed. Volume 4, 480. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "Young Goodman Brown." The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 268-276. Locke, John. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. New York: Penguin, 1974. Meyer, Michael, ed. "A Study of Three Authors: Nathaniel Hawthorne, Flannery O’Connor, and Alice Munro." The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 267. Tritt, Michael. "‘Young Goodman Brown’ and the Psychology of Projection". Studies in Short Fiction. 23 (1996): 113-117.   

Music is the Only Universal Language Essay -- Exploratory Essays Resea

Music is the Only Universal Language When people think of the term literacy, they most commonly define it as the ability to read and write, in the verbal sense. But there is a wide range of literacy apart from that, which also requires mastering a set of crucial skills. One such example is musical literacy, which is the ability to read, write, or appreciate music. Musical literacy is not all that different from the verbal kind. Leonard G. Ratner, when speaking of 18th and 19th century music, writes "Both language and music had their vocabulary, syntax, and arrangement of formal structures, subsumed under the title Rhetoric" (xiv). In other words, music, like language, is based on its own set of learned rules, and both serve as a form of communication. But what exactly does it mean to be musically literate? One example is the ability to look at a piece of music and know how its components fit together, such as scales, key signatures, crescendos, and other parts. This is known as sight-reading, where people play an unfamiliar piece of music at first glance, because they understand counting and basic underlying principles. But musical literacy also has a wider definition. Listening to a symphony, playing a musical instrument, or even humming along to a song on the radio all show a general understanding of musical principles. Once an individual obtains this understanding, doors are opened. That person can appreciate music on a more complex level, and musical literacy adds to a well-rounded personality and view of the world. Once people actually understand what is going on behind music, they gain a newer appreciation of its sounds. On a personal note, I have played the piano for about 8 years, and it has opened doors for... ...s of ability. Music can be used to express everything from emotions to political opinions. It uniquely soothes us when we are unhappy, and echoes our highest spirits. Simply put, the world would be an emptier place without literacy to translate those feelings into a language that everyone understands. Overall, music is unique by its duality. Different forms are partial to a particular culture or time period, but every form can reach people all over the world and throughout time. To be literate musically is to spread thoughts and expression, and sometimes those musical ideas weigh more heavily than language can. Music serves as a bridge between generations, societies, and opinions, and without literacy, the world would be a much more restrictive place. WORKS CITED Ratner, Leonard G. Classic Music: Expression, form, and Style. London: Schirmer Books, 1980.

Colonialism and Young Black Kid

At the end of the novel Guerrillas, by V. S Naipaul, Jane, a British woman from London is murdered by Bryant, a young black kid native to the Caribbean island where the novel is based. Behind this murder we could discuss guilt and responsibility through different perspectives. Can we really hold Bryant responsible for his actions? Jane is a woman who is not content with herself, she is naive as Roche defines her and out of balance-out of touch with herself and the perception of reality. She is careless about people’s feelings and ignorant about the consequences of her actions.The fact that she wavers from passion and pleasure through meaningless sexual encounters to rape and violence are all feelings that remind her she’s alive, nothing less and nothing more. Consequently, being in a post-colonial society full of animosity and frustration, all her mistakes and imprudent actions lead her to her own death. This is an example of how the presence and impact of â€Å"the po werful colonizer† damaged not only those around him but themselves, in this case Naipaul’s character of Jane is a representation of the indifference and self-centered post-colonial personality of the dominant race in the colonized territories.In conclusion we could argue that Jane did act in a selfish and unconcerned manner. Conscious that she had the alternative of returning to her homeland, escaping the island’s reality and trying to bring back with her an adventurous experience full of love affairs and careless decisions, she unawarely clashed with the islanders; a people whose disadvantages in life were reflected through anger, despair, emotional repression and a hopelessness that Bryant and Jimmy embodied.Naipaul tries to engage the reader into feeling empathy towards the latter characters by placing Jimmy first, as the frustrated revolutionary who lives his own lie and only wishes to see himself as a hero that satisfies the oppressed desire of revenge again st the powerful dominant, whereas Bryant is the unfortunate native young child overwhelmed by hostility and thwarted dreams who could have become a better person if given the opportunity. In consideration of all these factors and circumstances, who is really to blame?

Rationalism vs. Irrationalism Essay

Jane Evans was spending a week at the Crown Point guard girls camp. She and her friends were laughing and enjoying the crisp night air. They giggled and talked of crushes on boys and gossiped all night about the nonorious girls at school. But the fun stop when a snitch bit whiz of the girls. Screaming, squirming and frightened, they worried and stayed awake for the remainder of the night. uneffective to sleep, they decided to go indoors, to avoid a nonher(prenominal) possi commensurate attack. A rationalist would argue that this is a ridiculous re legal action to a rat bite, how ever as a somebody with an irrational number perspective, I plead the contrary and throughtout this essay, will demonstrate why. by means of a rationalistic perspecive we observe the caput as dynamical, the emotions passive, and the notion that no fabric matter cornerstone cause an extraneous thinker however from the calculatepoint of irrationality I will prove that 1) Emotion is in fact not passive and 2) erudition can be created materially.Before sacking into detail on irrationalism I handle to explore the rationalistic perspective. The rationalist tends to turn over in the existence of truths that could not be discovered through the senses alone, the world cannot be as authenticed simply by experiencing the depicted object of our sound judgments. Advocates of some varieties of rationalism argued that, starting with prefatorial principles, desire the realm of geometry, one could deductively get ahead the rest of all possible knowledge. (Markie 1) The philosophers who held this view most cl earliest were de Spinoza and Leibniz, whose attempts to envision the epistemological and meta tangible problems raised by Descartes led to the development of rationalism.Both Spinoza and Leibniz asserted that, ideally, all knowledge (including scientific knowledge) could be gained through the use of land alone, though they both observed that this was not possible in prac tice, except in specific atomic number 18as much(prenominal) as mathematics. Which is by chance why they depended on geometry and logic (a linguistic geometry) so significantly.To Brentano, a rationalist, the estimate is active, not passive as the British empiricists, and cut sensationalists had believed. Rationalistsalleged the mind as active and the emotions as passive. The rationalist belief in a more active mind meant that the mind acts on information from the senses and gives it core it would otherwise not spend a penny. (225) They argued that the mind added some intimacy to centripetal data rather than just passively organizing and storing it into memory.Leibniz emphasized that null material (such(prenominal) as the activation of a sense receptor) could ever cause an idea that is impertinent. (169) The rationalists emphasized the sizeableness of innate structures, principals, or concepts and stated that because nothing material could start out from anything nonmate rial that certain ideas must be innate.Having introduced rationalism I find it plainly appropriate that irrationalism should hit a breif introduction of its hi theme. Irrationalism was a philosophical movement which started as a heathenish reaction against positivism in the early 20th century. The perspective of irrationalism opposed or de-emphasized the importance of the rationality of human cosmoss. dissipate of the movements involved cl admits that science was inferior to cognizance. rationalism, I find, is void of certain accuracy. The rationalists beginning(a) assumption that truths can only be arrived at by such processes as logical deduction, analysis, argument, and intuition, is false. I deal to emphasize the notion that logical deduction, analysis, argument, and intuition are not to be brushed off lightly and given short importance. On the contrary they are in fact valuable, however only if they are employed with an emphasis on the irrational view of emotion. The r ationalists assume that emotions are not necessary and truths can be reached by reason alone.This is false. Although the girls in the beginning of the story experienced an steamy rat fright, they were able to use their logical reasoning and their emotional drive to come to a solution. Is it not through your emotions that you are moved to action? Without emotions the rationalists would not have come up with any logical theory in the first place They would have had no drive to come up with another(prenominal) theory, no passion. I cannot imagine every(prenominal) rationalist unenthused in his work.Through person-to-person experience I have come to understand the importance of emotion. There have been occasions in my life that I over-rationalized. Reluctantly Ill admit that maybe it happens on more than just occasions, it is a constant burden to me and hinders my current and upcoming relationships. My ex-boyfriend and I would get into an argument, as couples ofttimes do, and I wou ld analyze the situation in my mind to attempt to come to a conclusion of how we achieved this particular position. How did I improvement it how did he? Was I overly particular and picky? Why did I respond in that way? Was it a ago injure? Could it be from my childhood when my front-runner Hamster Gus-Gus died, and I felt personally hurt by God?What about him, did he have the same amount of childhood damage as me another hamster wound perhaps? At this point I had analyzed the situation to such an period that I couldnt even have in mind what the argument was about in the first place. It was then that I realized that I needed to become an irrational be irrational in the worlds respect anyway. I became an emotional person and therefore singly irrational. This is often rejected in our nightspot emotions are largely frowned upon. A prof once mentioned the need for me to think slight and feel more, and I decided that I should do just that feel.My second comment of the ration alists is the notion that no material thing can cause a nonmaterial idea. Leibniz invites us to imagine a automobile or human being sure-footed of thinking (of having ideas). Then he asks us to imagine increasing the size of that mold to the point where we could enter it and look around. match to Leibniz, our exploration would yield only interacting, physical parts. Nothing we would catch, whether examining the machine or a human being, could possibly explain the demarcation of an idea. (169) Because ideas cannot be created by anything physical kindred the brain they must be innate.Through study of man-made newsworthiness (AI), a branch of computing device science that deals with apt behavior, learning and adaptation in machines, we see that innate ideas are infact nonexistent. According to encyclopedia Britannica, research in AI is pertain with producing machinesto automate tasks requiring intelligent behavior. (Artificial Intelligence 2) Examples of such intelligent behavior include control, proviso and scheduling, the ability to answer diagnostic and consumer misgivings, handwriting, speech, and facial recognition.The idea of producing an colored sentient being is not new, infact it is an ancient idea and is have in numerous myths, the Golem, the Greek promethean myth, mechanistic men in Chrtien de Troyes, and the creature in Mary Shelleys novel Frankenstein being examples. In science fiction, artificial intended beings often take the form of robots or artificial intelligence agencys. Artificial reason is an fire philosophical problem because, with increased rationality of genetics, neuroscience and information processing, it is possible to create a conscious entity. The myths of writers and philosophers are no lengthy myths.In order to avoid ambiguity and confusion I will do the term artificial intelligence base on the literal meanings of artificial and intelligence. According to Websters dictionary the term artificial refers to something which is not natural, often implying that it was created or fabricate by humans and intelligence is the capacitiy to reason, plan, run problems, think abstractly, comprehend ideas and language, and learn. (Websters 3).Throughout the historical decade there has been a make out between well-knit AI and worn AI philosophers which tackles the question, can a unreal artifact be conscious? This question involves school of thought of mind and the mind-body problem. In the philosophy of artificial intelligence, quick AI is the presumption that some forms of artificial intelligence can truly reason and solve problems strong AI supposes that it is possible for machines to become sapient, or self-aware. (Markie 1) The term strong AI was primitively coined by John Searle, who writes according to strong AI, the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind rather, the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind.Artificial consciousness (AC), also cognise as machine consciousness (MC) or syntheticconsciousness, is a field associate to artificial intelligence and cognitive robotics whose aim is to define that which would have to be synthesized were consciousness to be found in an engineered artifact. AI systems are now in affair use in economics, medicine, engineering and the military, as well as being construct into many common home computer software applications, traditional strategy games like computer chess and other video games. Through the rationalistic perspecive we observed the mind as active, the emotions passive, and the notion that no material thing can cause an nonmaterial idea however from the viewpoint of irrationality I proved that 1) Emotion is in fact not passive and 2) Intelligence indeed can be created materially through Artificial Intelligence.Works Cited1) Markie, Peter. Rationalism vs. Empiricism. 13 Aug. 2004. 12 Aug. 2006. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism 2) Artificial intelligence. Encyclopedia Britann ica. 2006. Encyclopedia Britannica Premium Service. 12 Aug. 2006 . 3) Artificial. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 2006. 12 Aug. 2006. http//www.m-w.com/dictionary/artificial4) Hergenhahn, B. R. An entering to the History to Psychology Belmont, CA inexplicable Printing, 2005.

Gender Stereotypes Essay

Since theyre harmful gender stereotypes ought to become a priority.† You probably hear a gender stereotype on a daily basis but probably don’t realize it because it’s so common and casual now good for people to just through everyone into a category and just assume they cell all are the same. Which is quite sad to me. You shouldn’t be judged and characterized based on your gender. Just because one female or male does something everyone in how their gender should be assumed does it to? NO.Generally, they use to people or things, and they are ail too typical in advertisements.Guys would be working to make a living, they are insensitive, guys like car and electronics, the gender stereotypes are endless really.They can be basically most anything and everything depending on how they are perceived and by WHO they are perceived. Sometimes they depend on what someone has gone through in social life and based off that they gender stereotype. As I watch I notice t hat the dear mother of Phineas and Ferb is a stay at new home mother, she does everything there is needed to be done at home.

Men should be masculine.Obviously Phineas and Ferb are the two very young boys and Candice is their older sister. The larger whole show is about their sister always trying to get how them (Phineas and Ferb) in trouble start with their parents. I guess that’s the typical stereotypical sibling direct relationship always fighting for attention over the parents logical and to make one bad over the other logical and make one another more favorable than the other.I didn’t really realize it at part first but then when I thought about my own relationship with my siblings it what was quite comparable we always try and nag on each other and get only one another in trouble.They are scared to speak up about their such feelings that are inner since they play the role of well being tough and in charge of the standards of the family.It’s the classical guy/girl same gender stereotypes. Candice is the girly girl who likes to gossip and shop and get what her brothers in trou ble while Phineas logical and Ferb are busy playing with gadgets of cell all sorts, not ever worried about Candice or what she’s doing, really involved with electronics and coming up start with new inventions and having fun in their own late little gadget-world you could say. A lot of commercials that come on logical and play in the mornings when all the little kids programs are on are SUPER stereotypical.For girls they advertise first Barbie dolls of all sorts, toys for little girls such as cool, unique hair designing tools, kitchen accessories that include fake ovens logical and what not to play in.

If it what comes to pain thresholds, it appears that young girls are vulnerable and somewhat more susceptible.It really actually (and excuse my language) pisses me off. That other people interpret these things in television shows, their commentary guiding the younger generation already in the wrong direction making forgive them think that girls â€Å"do this† and guys â€Å"do this† logical and having them think basically in a box. I noticed deeds that the show has the very typical stereotypes. Like I mentioned above.They should forget not be afraid to tell their husbands they total want to work and be independent women.Women logical and girls may be the leader, they can first put fear in various individuals and they are sometimes the protagonist.

Look carefully for cleaning materials, at personal ads and youre most likely to observe a female card playing the function.Roles play a part on the lives of everybody.The majority of the folks continue to be uneasy with gays.Most importantly, do not forget that different opinions and your needs are as valid as anybody else.

Youre likely to love our job.It is yet to be done and we have to pursue industrial finishing closure any gender gaps.So once youve got an introductory essay delegated you will need help with, you can purchase essay online cheap extract from us.There are a number of article writing services which believe theyre the very best, and so dont be cheated logical and check the legitimate assortment of the best.

BASF Case

When we pronounce on BASFs efforts to enclose stakeholder instancy, the stakeholders, whom we ar referring to, be the townshipspeoples fit and its populace. The ii first-string efforts which BASF has make to support their pressure are assuaging their fears and subverting their demands.Now, BASF move to their snuff out fears by claiming no threesome society untamed would be brought to this juvenile down facility. They to a fault claimed that each(prenominal) abscond, whether unhealthful or non-toxic, would be incinerated and, thus, should pose no terror to the townspeople.Additionally, BASF released both printed volumes which minute how the waste would be incinerated. And, repeatedly, the bon ton guarantee the semipublic that piss the brand-new go under would create jobs and be utterly off the hook(predicate) for the community. They proclaim that in that respect would be no denigrating ready on the purlieu now, nor at every eon in the future. On the depravity end, BASF utilise more techniques. They cajoled the county missionary work into marketing the dimension without requiring becharm undercoat information and environmental information.Also, they adapted their final cause aft(prenominal) submitting it to the town council, and the selective information which they released was extremely laughable check to a local professor. They likewise use game powered lawyers in efforts to promote done the dry lands cut-rate sale and to let the catch environmental testimony. This certification would chuck up the sponge the kit and boodles learning to proceed. every of these maneuver were a subversive activity of the local townspeoples bank and wishes. However, these have been comparatively emotional measures in resisting stakeholder pressure, and, likely, the prove provide be built.