Agricultural Development

Agricultural development can be defined as; an improvement in all aspects or practices of agriculture that can lead to better yields or output. Green revolution also refers to the introduction of modern farming practices such as improve seeds, tractors, pesticides, weedicides among others into agriculture Institutional bottlenecks on the other hand refer to a set of long standing factors that militates against the development of agriculture overtime. It therefore clearly indicates that the development of agriculture is green revolutionary dependant; the institutional factors that hinder the total implementation of the green revolution agenda of agricultural development include the following; Cultural belief system and ideological orientation; the cultural practices, values, norms, and views of most Ghanaian communities are anti-modern and difficult to change. It is in this sense that most beliefs system is so rigid that any other practices seen contrary to them are mostly rejected. The Ghanaian beliefs such as constructions of mounds as a method of farming is seen as the best as against the use of tractors for ploughing the lands, to an extent that, though others can afford the services of tractors to plough their land, they rather claim that the use of tractor for ploughing distract the soil profile, hence reject it which could have led to higher yields. They therefore stick to the old methods of farming. Besides that, there is low technological development in less developed nations like Ghana which also affect green revolution of agriculture in the sense that most agricultural inputs are imported into these nations hence there is persistent low productivity. Low level of education is one of the impediments to green revolution of agriculture in Ghana in particular. The educational level of most farmers is so low that, it becomes difficult to teach the peasant farmers modern farming practices, the few extension officers who are trained to educate farmers on better farming practices finds it difficult to do so as dissemination of information to local people becomes difficult due to language barrier. English language as the common medium of communication is not understood by the local people and if an extension officer does no understand the native language of the people his work is affected, the roblem of inadequate trained agricultural workers and appropriate logistics is yet another challenge to green revolution in Ghana, informal education that is being organized to educate farmers, also lacks the commitment of the local farmers and mostly fails. The nature of agricultural institutions in Ghana is also one of the outstanding factors that militated against the development of agricultural in Ghana. Most agricultural institutions are located out of reach of the peasant farmers.  Most of these institutions are located in urban areas whereas most farmers in the country live and work in the rural areas, these institutions are also filled with people with little or no knowledge in modern farming practices and the few available personnel have to battle with a large population size of farmers as it is noted in Ghana that the extension officer to farmer ratio is one officer is to one hundred and forty thousands farmers (1: 140000). This clearly indicates that it is impossible for the few extension officers to carry out their work effectively with this large farming population. Moreover the few officers are not motivated enough to give up their best. Furthermore, government policies in Ghana towards agricultural development are nothing to write home about. Agriculture as the mainstay of the economy, which should have been given the highest attention on yearly budgetary allocation most at times receives the least attention of government in resource allocation. This has inevitably led to the inability of agricultural institutions to supply farmers with inputs in order to boost their production levels. The little funds that are allocated to agriculture are also face with the problem of poor distribution as the target areas are not reached. The poor agricultural nature is also faced with unfavorable competition in the international markets with the advance nations like U. S. due to trade liberalization; which makes it possible for countries to be able to export its agricultural goods or produces to other countries. This has led to unhealthy competition and to the killing of the local agricultural industries in most less developed nations. The advance nations with better agricultural inputs couple with high level of technology and quality agricultural produces simply take over the market and display our local farmers. This has led to l0ow productivity as they are faced with strong competition in the market and at most times they are the hard-hit. These advance nations brings into the less developed countries their cheap and subsidized agricultural products, hence get better patronage than their local competitors. This is evident in Ghana, as imported rice is better patronized than the locally produced rice. Hence trade liberalization among nations has affected agricultural development among less developed nations like Ghana. Lastly, the poorly organized nature of our farmers is also another problem militating against the green revolution of agriculture. The farmers are not united to be able to access financial support for large scale farming; in other words they do not form co-operative societies which could give them a well developed foundation to ask for financial assistance from financial institutions and corporate bodies to embark on commercial farming activities this imply that these peasant farmers can not increase productivity and continue to remain in the peasant cycle. The above are some of the institutional factors that have militated against the smooth green revolution of agriculture in Ghana; hence the reforming of such institutional bottlenecks forms the main path to well green revolution of agriculture in Ghana

How did Stalin come to power and stay there? Essay

Stalin came to power in 1929, after out-manoeuvring his opposition in the Communist Party through political scheming and taking advantage of the mistakes they made. He stayed in power by getting rid of his opponents in brutal and unfair ways. It took Stalin 5 years to become completely established as Lenin’s successor. Stalin started his climb to power when Lenin gave him the important job of requisitioning grain from Southern farmers in order to feed the North. As a reward for this, Lenin made him responsible for the Red Army in the South. This brought him in direct conflict with Trotsky. He was then given the position of General Secretary of the party. By taking on many important jobs he was able to create an important power base because he had many supporters who owed their position to him. Before Lenin died, he had to decide who would succeed him; the obvious two choices were Trotsky and Stalin. Although it was very close Lenin had wanted Trotsky to be the one, this was a major draw back for Stalin. No one really knew about this until after Lenin died. Lenin’s funeral was a good time for Stalin to be back at the top. Before the funeral he had told Trotsky, who was ill at the time, that it was on a different date to the time it really was. As Trotsky was out of the picture for a while, it meant Stalin could take the glory for organising the funeral and leading the mourning. When Trotsky arrived for what he thought was the date of the funeral, he was told that he had missed it and this put him out of favour with the people of Russia. When Lenin’s Testament was about to be released to the public, Zinoviev saved Stalin from losing his chance by saying that it was out of date and it was never made public. By this time Stalin was Head of the Control Commission, which meant he could purge and expel members who were unreliable and control party membership. He was also made the party’s Orgburo; this meant he ran its’ organisational matters. By this time, Trotsky was furious and in his anger he gave up his only symbol of power by resigning as Commissar of War. Trotsky seriously underestimated the threat that Stalin was to him until it was too late. He was arrogant and often offended other senior Party members and made little effort to build up support for himself in the ranks of the Party. Many people in the USSR were frightened of him because they were worried that he would involve the USSR in new wars. They were tired of war and revolution and Stalin seemed to understand the people’s feelings. Stalin was now in the spotlight; he joined the Rightists, attacked the leftists and forced them out, this left space that was filled immediately by Stalin’s supporters. He then turned on the Rightists, voted then out and filled these spaces with more of his supporters. By his 50th birthday in December 1929, Stalin was finally made Leader of the Soviet Union and Stalin’s supporters now filled most of the Politburo. Once Stalin was in power he found it easy to stay there, through harsh ways he defeated his opponents. As Stalin’s supporters now filled the Politburo, he now had a good relationship with the members, which meant he could make as many new policies as he wanted without having people oppose them. Stalin made new economic and social policies all of which were carried through. As part of his economic policies, Stalin decided to modernise the USSR as it was far behind any other country, technology wise. Stalin himself said, â€Å"We are 50 to 100 years behind the advanced countries.† To start with brought peasants in from the country to towns to work in newly built factories. He dedicated these factories to building artillery. He came up with 3 ‘Five Year Plans’ each of which were set up to enable the USSR to ‘Catch-Up’ with technology. The 1st FYP was dedicated to building new industrial cities from nothing and setting up steel mills in many places. The 2nd FYP was focused on the 1st but built upon it. Heavy industry was still a priority but other areas, such as mining for lead, tin, zinc and other minerals, transport and communications and railways and canals, were developed. The 3rd FYP was in 1938. Some factories were to switch to the production of consumer goods such as, cars, radios, clothing etc; however, this plan was disrupted by the Second World War and so was not completed. Stalin also made some social polices which helped him keep the USSR under control; most of these were harsh and brutal. For example, he arrested people if they had links to Trotsky, he sent workers to labour camps, and he would put people in show trials for making the slightest mistake. These were important because people lived in fear and this made him very powerful because it squashed any opposition. Other policies, however, made him popular because they improved the way people lived, for example he improved living conditions for people throughout the USSR and he made factories produce consumer goods. This made the public happy. Education and religion were also factors of Stalin’s social policies, children in schools were shown pictures of party leaders which they burned when a new person was arrested and churches were closed and the ‘League of Militant Atheists’ was set up. These were both ways of subduing the public into supporting Stalin, which kept him in power longer. Another factor that helped Stalin stay in power was the fact that he was a cult figure; everybody knew Stalin was the leader, whole buildings were covered in portraits of his face and almost everything was named after him. He had many other names such as ‘Man of Steel’, ‘Iron Soldier’ and Universal Genius’, which proved how much the public liked him. People at meetings applauded whenever his name was mentioned and films, poems, plays, stories and novels celebrated his life. It even seemed Stalin could improve some ones love life. This all was a very important factor, which helped Stalin stay in power because he was so popular. Stalin was able to succeed Lenin because he was a very clever politician and planned his rise to power very carefully. He made sure he was close to Lenin so that he was popular with the people. He used the positions of power that he held very shrewdly by making sure that anyone who opposed him lost their job and putting in their place people who would support him. He was very ruthless and played those who opposed him, such as Trotsky and Bukharin, off against one another. Once in power he ruled by fear by controlling the people so that they would be too afraid to oppose him. He used the secret police to crush any opposition. He remained popular with the people by developing the ‘Cult of the Personality’; history was rewritten so that Lenin and Stalin were the only heroes of the Revolution. He used propaganda to good effect especially in Education. Portraits, photographs and statues of Stalin were everywhere and everything was done to promote Stalin from street names to poems about him or music composed praising him. Religious worship was banned, as he did not want the people to have any loyalty other than to him. Stalin had control of everything, from the economy to the mass media and freedom of speech was denied to Soviet citizens. So it was by these means that Stalin was able to take power and hold on to it after Lenin’s death. Bibliography: My Coursework Book Modern World History Text Book

Organisational Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Organisational Ethics - Essay Example qualified financial advisors who visit potential customers at their location, at their convenience, and provide them with all the banking services and products that they may require. Normally, the management is interested in organization mainly from an instrumental point of view. For a company organization is a means to an end in order to achieve its goals. In this sense, organizations can be distinguished into two fundamentally different sets of objectives: The team of financial advisors is highly focused, trained up and very aggressive sellers, they concentrate on non walk-in customers and their objective is the selling of business loans. Increasing competition in the marketplace combined with rather draconian cultural internal problems such as bureaucracy, poor communication, and perceived lack of personal job advancement possibilities has led the employees to high levels of frustration many times in the past. ‘All organisations begin with some sort of Vision, an initial spark which causes its creation. The organisation’s Vision is essentially the dream which unites a core group of people and inspires them to try and make the dream a reality.’ We can say that Open24 has a vision on what it wants to achieve in the near future. All employees work towards these visions and indeed if they work as group, then there is no reason as to why they should not achieve their organisational goals. Open24 organisation’s purpose grew from their vision and in articulating its mission; they should have stated how it will seek to bring the vision to reality. ‘It is stating what its ‘Unique reason for being’ is, and what the values are that will give meaning to its purpose.’ (Ping, 1996) When it comes to organisational ethics, it is here in the mission statement that the seed is planted which gives rise to the ‘shared set of beliefs’ that will determine the organisation’s climate of opinion. (Ping, 1996) Indeed without open and honest internal

The Russian Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Russian Revolution - Essay Example Why did the revolution occur and what was the result? This is what this paper is going to focus on. The kind of revolution envisaged by Marx and Engels was to be as a result of workers consciousness or bourgeois intelligentsia. In many countries workers started forming trade unions to fight against employers and the government so as to pass labor legislations that improve their conditions. However, for Beeler and Clark the Russian revolution was â€Å"a natural and inevitable outcome of development of ideas among revolutionary socialist intelligentsia.†1 For them, socialist movements such as the trade unions are not enough to get the kind of social democracy needed otherwise the proletariats attempts would fail just like the first revolution that removed tsar from office did not work. The mistake that socialists such as Alexander Kensky made after seizing power in Russia was failure to confiscate large landholdings and give it to peasants who had fought hard to free themselves from exploitation.2 These leaders were not intelligent enough to lead a revolution like Lenin. In other words, Beeler and Clark would say they lacked revolutionary professionalism thus not revolutionary social democrats. ... The food shortage experienced in 1917 due to the war led to violent street demonstrations and an unplanned uprising occurred and in March 12, 1917 the Duma took over leadership and declared a provisional government.3 This government emphasized equality before the law, freedom of religion, speech and assembly as well as the rights of unions to organize and strike but it shared power with Petrograd soviet of workers and soldiers leading to a state of anarchy.4 The government was also unable to remove Russia from the war thus giving an opportunity to Lenin to wage his campaigns and attract huge masses of people. The provisional government rule was not successful since the leaders lacked leadership skills. For a revolution to be successful it has to be led by professional revolutionaries and not trade unionists or socialist intellectuals. It needs radical revolutionary leaders like Lenin and Trotsky who are always preoccupied with social democratic activities. Lenin called for â€Å"dis ciplined workers who are controlled by small, dedicated elite of intellectual and professional revolutionaries† as opposed to masses.5 The group was referred as Bolsheviks and though they failed in their first attempt to seize power from the provisional government, the army skills of Trotsky and support of soldiers and workers tired of the war made the second attempt to be successful. The Bolshevik majority declared all power for the soviets and Lenin as head of government thus displacing the provisional government.6 However, to end the war he had to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litorsk thus ceding Russian territories to central powers. Civil war ensued thereafter but the

You can write the title Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You can write the title - Assignment Example The company is a company that is useful in the bringing together of labor, business, governments, residents, and to improve lives for individuals. 1. Context- that should be the general layout of the website including visual design. The website for United Way Company is one that is easy to navigate and the color scheme for the website is appropriate for its marketing design. The website is readable because it has some white space that has wordings that can be easily read by the people visiting the website. I would rate the company’s website at 9/ 10 because I have a definite way of navigating the website and the context is understandable. 2. Commerce- The website is safe because it is meant for commercial purposes. A website that is safe is one that cannot pass information about person transacting in the website to people that do not have authorization. It would be appropriate for a company to encrypt its website so that it can become safer to use. I would rate the website at 5/10 because it has no clear security system. 3. Connection- this is the ability of a site to link with other sites. The content should be in such a way that it can be retained or can be used as a path out of the site. For united way, I did not spot such a link and I think that the company should work on that. I would rate the website at 2/10 because there are no connection links. 4. Communication- Communication is a component in which the company is able to communicate to its customers. That is done by the customers signing up for offers that may include surveys and newsletters. United Way Company’s website has a way of communicating with customers because it shows any future events or news that may be useful to the customers. I would rate the website at 8/10 because the company communicates about its future events. 5. Content- This usually includes the sound, graphics, or texts that have been used in the website. The company that

20th Century Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

20th Century Humanities - Essay Example Artists like Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque challenged the conventional methods of painting in perspective that was practised since the Renaissance. They came up with a new way of seeing things in the modern age, known as Cubism and it was the first form of Abstract Art. As the phenomenon of Cubism moved on to other parts of the Europe, it took different forms and names e.g. Futurism in Italy and Expressionism in Germany. In this way, Art took on different forms and names as new concepts developed and artists from different regions of the world contributed to the development and evolution of Art. This is a continual process that has moved on from the Twentieth century to the Twenty-first century. Hence, the importance of 20th century Art cannot be refuted, as the foundations of contemporary and future art have their roots back there. The Twentieth Century is also phenomenal in the development of cross-cultural art, which is the basis of globalization today. The invincible barriers between different cultures were broken down and the cultural values were assimilated; thus the cultural scene took on a new shape. Harlem Renaissance was one such phenomenon during the 1920’s when the African-American culture found new definition and dimension. It heralded the liberation of the oppressed and suppressed Negroes and they discovered new ways of self expression. This is exactly what the world shall desire in the future- liberation of man and assimilation of cultures in order to give birth to a global culture. For the first time in history, an attempt was made in developing a universal culture to promote harmony and encourage mutual cooperation. For those who look forward to the developments in arts and literature in the future can understand the relationship between man, society and Arts by studying 20th Century Humanities.

Management E-Commerce Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management E-Commerce - Research Paper Example Companies appoint managers to make sure that the company is effective, meaning the degree to which the company is able to reach its defined goals. Efficiency on the other hand means amount of resources used to achieve an organizational goal. Management must ensure that they operate in an effective and efficient manner in order to compete in today’s competitive market. Management need to plan, or in other words defining goals for the future of the organization and deciding the tasks and resources that would be required in order to achieve those goals. Organizing means to allocate tasks and jobs and allocating resources amongst departments. Leading refers to the fact that they are able to motivate the employees to extract higher productivity. Lastly, controlling; it is the monitoring of employees ensuring that the organization is on track to attain the specified goals and making corrections if ever required. (Daft) There are a number of organizations in the world who succeed bas ed on their procedural management, which could be called the old school way, where boundaries are defined and the employ has to act according to the dogma of the task at hand. However, recently we have seen that various companies like Google have reached high level of success by using rather unorthodox, yet productive methods of management to avoid alienation of employees and to make the a part of the company rather than just a small cog in a big machine. Google has burst into the international market with its varied range of products and services ranging from the biggest search engine available to Google news, Google earth, maps, cellular phones and many, many more various products. Google uses an unorthodox and unconventional mode of management that is rather new to other organizations; some may call it bizarre, but at the end of the day one has to respect the fact that it earns more than $2billion cash per quarter and it is said that Google alone can finance the whole economy of America for 2 two whole days. Google has an informal slogan, â€Å"don’t be evil.† This basically expresses that at Google you are always welcomed to share ideas and their ways of doing business is open to all and there are no strings attached. They believe that these are the ways through which they can make sure that the employees are more comfortable and are able to perform to their potential in the field. As a matter of fact, Google employees are allowed to wear whatever clothes that pleases them. They have an all you can eat food counter that serves exquisite gourmet to motivate workers further. Google management believes that in order to avoid alienation, they must maintain good, informal relations with employees and also encourages employees to put forward their view and get involved in the decision making procedure since they believe that employees perform better when given importance and getting them involved in ideas enables innovation from various intellectua l minds, which at the end of the day is something Google always places very high importance to. Google management also has their very famous 20 percent rule. They say that for one whole working day an employee can work on whatever project that pleases them and as Google has ample amounts of finances, they are able to carry out their operation which thus leads to innovation. Rest of the days, they work on the project they have been assigned. This ensures effective, if

Intermediate Macro Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Intermediate Macro Writing - Assignment Example This inefficiency and nuisance led to the plunge of several countries who had invested in financial institutions in the U.S, drowning their market commodities and share values and disrupting the entire stock and trade market with a series of sequential bailouts, buyouts, and collapses. (Havemann, The Financial Crisis of 2008, 2015) Of the most affected from this crisis emergence was China, with the most foreign exchange reserves held than required to withstand shocks. However it was found that countries that had accumulated large reserve assets before the crisis, such as China, are more likely to recover GDP growth after such global financial dilemmas. (Dominguez, Global Financial Crisis, 2011) Here we shall investigate to see the cause and effects of this incident in China. China is famously seen as the engine of the world economy, emerging as (once a major contestant), now a renowned leading exporter and generous importer in the past two decades, with its GDP increasing from 1.7-9.5%, a high purchasing power parity (PPP) after market exchange valuation and trade ratios doubling every 4-5 years. Its commodities have the power to lower consumer prices hence having a great impact on prices of goods and services internationally, with exports share raised from 3-10% and worth approximately $1.5 trillion. Chinas super competitiveness has been achieved by its universal trade and business activities that led to its popularity, holding 20% demand of world platinum and 17% pallid. High rank and prosperity was experienced until the downfall of the financial crisis had dawned upon their hard work and achievement. With trillions of dollars worth investment in foreign reserves, accelerating trade surpluses and a two-digit growth rate in the initial months of 2008, China came under the tidal wave of the financial crisis by mid year as banks began

History of architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

History of architecture - Essay Example The plans did not contain all the elements in the actual buildings, which were requisite of the architectural drawings. The separation between technology and architecture was achieved by the gross structure and physical plants of the sectional drawings. This implies that architecture focused on the structure of a construction while technology handled the rest of the physical plant. The modern practice combines all the technological and structural requirements of buildings by including every aspect in the plans (Banham 14). I think ancient architectural designs were just concentrated on the complete finishing of buildings. This gave the engineers the freedom to add new concepts pertaining to the preference of the home owners. The article indicates that some of the olden features of a building were not included in the plans, but revealed the skills of the builders. This implies that the principles guiding modernists did not apply then and this was risky to the welfare of the home owners. It is evident that the article highlights the milestones that architectural works have surpassed to give modern designs and inspirations (Banham 16). The article also gives examples of ancient architects who inspired designs and plans that contributed to the developments in the

Pick n Pays Essay Example for Free

Pick n Pays Essay What is your strategy to reverse Pick n Pays loss of market share? Pick n Pay lost market share in part because it opened materially less space than some of its major competitors. A significant proportion of its capex was invested in supply chain technology infrastructure in recent years, which by its nature doesnt drive sales compared to stores. Our capital focus is now on new stores and refurbishment, which will drive sales and, in time, profitability. Over the past year we have refreshed, without substantively altering our strategy. Our overarching ambition is for the Group to become the â€Å"Retailer of choice for all South Africans†. This builds on Pick n Pay and Boxer’s brand strength and strong store portfolio. Importantly this refreshed strategy does not represent a major departure from the strategy that has been followed for the past five years. We have seven themes geared to ensure that the business can grow sustainably and profitably. There is a balance of growth-driven priorities, focusing on space, customer, franchise and product, and those largely focused on improving efficiency such as replenishment and store operations. The â€Å"One Pick n Pay† initiative ties these together to ensure that the business works well as a unified whole. Strategic priority: Grow selling space ahead of the market There is substantial competition for retail space both within South Africa and in other African markets. Ensuring that Pick n Pay increases its overall share of trading space over the long term is an important strategic priority. Over the past three years our space growth has lagged that of our competition particularly into the faster growing lower income areas and small stores. This not only directly reduces our market share but also puts pressure on like-for-like sales growth. We will continue to develop store formats and channels that meet customers’ changing needs both in Pick n Pay and Boxer, in South Africa and beyond. Additionally we continue to build a pipeline of new sites, whether greenfield or through acquisition that will ensure we meet our aspirations. Strategic priority: Build deep customer relationships The launch of our customer rewards programme Smartshopper gives us a  significant opportunity to get to know our customers’ shopping habits and preferences substantially better than we do today. Since its launch in March 2011 the programme has been a great success. After just one year we now have over five million active cardholders, exceeding our initial target by two million. This enables us not only to know and understand each customer a great deal better, but to communicate with our customers in a different and more engaging manner. We have direct access to the vast majority of Smartshopper customers by either sms or email, which means that we can send targeted marketing communications directly to them. We can also ask for feedback directly from them. All of this translates into a very valuable two-way dialogue with our customers. As a result we are designing and executing marketing campaigns which are more relevant to our customers. We are extracting insights from their shopping habits data in order to tailor our product ranges and more accurately serve them. All of this will assist us in growing our sales volumes significantly. Strategic priority: Revolutionise Pick n Pay’s product offer During the past 12 months we have invested considerable time and resources in building a single specialised category buying division. Prior to the establishment of this division, Pick n Pay’s sourcing activities were distributed across the operating regions. This led to fragmentation of the Group’s buying scale, with each buyer having a wide range of products to source. Our new specialised category buying division is made up of category teams each of which is responsible for the end-to-end profitability of a specific product category. They are tasked with developing a product range that meets all customer needs, sourcing those products at the lowest possible cost, constructing shelf layouts that help customers find what they are looking for easily, building a promotional plan that generates customer excitement, increased volumes and higher margins, and ensuring that Pick n Pay’s prices remain hig hly competitive. Included in their responsibilities is the task of improving our Pick n Pay branded offer.

Medicaid Funding Relationship with Nonprofit Organizations

Medicaid Funding Relationship with Nonprofit Organizations Introduction/Background Allard and Smith (2014) define legally incorporated, tax-exempt entities that provide specific services to be nonprofit social service organizations. They can help low-income families that might not qualify for federal assistance. Nonprofit organizations (NPOs) can range vastly in their size, scope, and form, but they are all reliant on donations and public funds to support their operations. This public funding is supported by grants, contracts, and tax credits (Smith et al. 2012). The way in which Medicaid works can be somewhat complex. From the agency standpoint, Medicaid has set values for services its clients might use. Documentation of the actual cost of a service provided is not needed, as clients need only to prove the service was provided. Once there is proof of the service being provided, Medicaid pays out a specific dollar amount for each service. This vendor rate, sometimes referred to as the fee-for-service model, requires the agencies to consistently serve enough Medicaid-eligible clients to break even amongst their revenues. The state will only offer a certain rate for outpatient mental health counseling services, for example, regardless of an individual agencys own internal cost structure (Smith et al. 2012). The Affordable Care Act (ACA), passed in 2010, has drastically increased the number of insured Americans. The ACA, which is frequently nicknamed Obamacare, prohibited insurance companies from denying coverage based on pre-existing health and vastly expanded the number of low-income families eligible for Medicaid. It also set a standard requirement for all United States citizens to have the minimum essential coverage of healthcare (MEC). Medicaid Funding for Nonprofits The practice of using Medicaid to supplement nonprofit organizations funds began in the 1980s. The social movement to provide services to the elderly and disabled led to increased government support for social services (US General Accounting Office, 1984). This has expanded greatly since then, with the main source of care belonging to substance abuse and mental health services. One blatant benefit Medicaid funding can have for nonprofits is its quick turnaround. Even though its services are aimed primarily at high-risk groups, Medicaid funding reimbursed at a much higher rate than other insurance options for such population groupings when compared in 2006. Medicaid has boomed in the past several years, having expanded its pool of clients to cover more and more people. Reimbursement rates allow nonprofit social service organizations to cross-subsidize their resources to other activities that might not otherwise receive sufficient funding (Smith, 2007). Unforeseen Consequences: Effects of Medicaid on NPO Funding Nonprofits exist as a federal safety net to supplement lacking government and community services. Two main problems that arise when deep dependency is placed on publicly funded nonprofit social services. State governments have been recently pressured to reduce spending on programs to make more room in the budget. Additionally, nonprofits must cope with the pressures associated with being the second order social welfare program of the government. Because all federal and state dollars are allocated at a local level for social service programs, the activity reflects the preferences and capability of the community (Allard Smith, 2014). Medicaid allocates funding to a significant portion of social service organizations in the nonprofit sector, even though such organizations may not primarily be health care providers. Over 50% of the nonprofits focused on mental health and substance abuse reported Medicaid funding in their surveys. Medicaid revenues were also provided to over 40% of those providers of mental health or substance abuse services who also engaged in assistances ranging from employment services to emergency response. It is important to note, however, that only 3.2% of these organizations providing employment or emergency services did not provide the additional substance abuse or mental health services (Allard Smith, 2014). This data indicates that while Medicaid provides funding to a wide range of nonprofits, it does place a significant emphasis on those dealing with health services in its diverse range. An Assessment of the Arguments As discussed earlier, nonprofits receive funding from Medicaid based on the services provided. To receive funding, an organization must show proof of a service provided to an individual. In this way, the funding is based on individual clients seeking services from nonprofit organizations. The mission of the organization, therefore, influences how much funding it will ultimately receive from Medicaid. In this way, Medicaid funding is said to follow clients rather than being given to a specific nonprofit organization. Nonprofits must factor in this design when creating their mission statement. They can more effectively secure their funding by having a service mission targeted towards populations that receive Medicaid coverage. Additionally, larger organizations are more likely to receive Medicaid funding because they have more resources and staff to provide these services. Conversely, smaller organizations often find themselves less likely to receive Medicaid funding regardless of their mission statement if they do not have the scale to provide as many services as their larger counterparts (Allard Smith, 2014). Conclusion Nonprofits largely reliant on Medicaid for their funding may often find themselves at the mercy of elements out of their hand. They depend on the flow of Medicaid-eligible clients using their services and resources. Thus, nonprofits are dependent on the eligibility of the clients they serve. State policies dictate Medicaid eligibility, so nonprofits are vulnerable to changes in state economics and legislation. Since it is a modest source of revenue for many nonprofits, greater instability and unpredictability may make Medicaid a less desirable source of revenue (Allard Smith, 2014). While Medicaid might not be able to be concretely predicted, it is still better than not being able to accept Medicaid at all. While it may seem precarious, organizations must adapt to changing sources of revenue regardless of if it is government-funded or not. References Allard, S. W., Smith, S. R. (2014). Unforeseen consequences: Medicaid and the funding of nonprofit service organizations. Journal of Health Politics, Policy Law, 39(6), 1135-1172. Smith, Steven Rathgeb. 2007. Medicaid funding of social services: implications for social and health policy. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, August 31. Smith, Vernon K., Kathleen Gifford, Eileen Ellis, Robin Rudowitz, and Laura Snyder. 2012. Medicaid today: preparing for tomorrow; a look at state Medicaid program spending, enrollment and policy trends. Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Foundation, Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. US General Accounting Office (GAO). 1984. States Use Several Strategies to Cope with Funding Reductions under Social Services Block Grant (SSBG).GAO/HRD-84-68. Washington, DC: GAO.

My Educational Philosophy :: Philosophy Education Teaching Essays

My Educational Philosophy I believe that children are like sponges; eager to absorb the knowledge we have to give them. It is up to us as teachers to make sure they are given the correct information to develop into individuals that can function in today’s society. Undertaking this responsibility, you have to prepare. In doing this just look at real life and is it just sitting and memorizing? No. In real life you are actively involved in what you do. I believe that the learning process needs to be an active learning experience. If a child is actively involved in learning he will retain much more. An example of this is when I taught Pre-school and we were learning the parts of the body. Five minutes after telling the children the different parts of the body just one child could remember where his shin was. So, I went into active teaching by song, using the song â€Å"She waded in the water†. In this song, you point to the different parts of the body that get wet. The next day, most of the children still remembered the song and could point to the correct parts of the body. You can actively involve the children in the learning process by scientific experiments, cooking, song, dance, games, contests, puppets, reenactments†¦ a nd the list goes on and on. I feel that planning your lessons to include many of the senses is very valuable in the learning process. In doing so I realize it will take more time and effort but it will be well worth it to reach the children in ways that will involve them actively in the learning process. By doing this keeping the attention of more of them and in the long run they will retain more of the material introduced to them. Memorizing is a very important part of the learning process, but sometimes you can memorize and have fun doing it. I feel that positive and timely feedback is very important. This includes papers graded and handed back promptly. I will allow questions to be answered concerning the results on the papers graded. I feel that a child’s input is very valuable. You can learn a lot about a child by listening to him. Parents have a very important role in the development and education of the children.

Essay --

FORTIS: GROWTH AT BREATHTAKING PACE "We want to be big," How big? "No clue how big†¦,"...just... big." 1 Shivinder Mohan Singh (2001) â€Å"The opportunity [in India] is large but we don’t want to be limited to being a healthcare player confined to a market†. â€Å"Compare a US$500 billion Asian healthcare market with a US$50 billion Indian market. I clearly see a lot more opportunity and a lot more growth happening in international markets.† Malvinder Mohan Singh (2011) â€Å"We have intensified our focus on India as we see strong demand for healthcare delivery services in the country over the next many decades† Malvinder Mohan Singh (2013) Fortis which began as a single hospital with 300 beds in Mohali in the year 2001 is a fast growing integrated service provider in Asia. The healthcare verticals of the company span diagnostics, primary care, day care specialty and hospitals, with an asset base in 7 countries, many of which represent the fastest-growing healthcare delivery markets in the world. The company operates its healthcare delivery network in Dubai, Hong Kong, India, Mauritius, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Nepal with 76 hospitals, 12,000 beds, 600 primary care centers, 191 day care specialty centers, 230 diagnostic centers and a talent pool of over 23,000 people. Fortis is managed by erstwhile promoters of Ranbaxy Laboratories – Malvinder Mohan Singh (Non-Executive Chairman) and Shivinder Mohan Singh (Managing Director). The promoters have a strong background in the pharmaceutical industry and more than a decade of experience in the healthcare services industry. Shivinder Singh looks after the Indian operations as the Managing Director of Fortis Healthcare (India) Ltd. Malvinder Singh runs the Singapore-based Fortis Healthcare In... ... a fairly aggressive expansion before 2009, they are not relying on debt for expansion as before. The Mumbai project was financed with internal accruals. Wockhardt chose to build the Mumbai and Delhi hospitals one after the other and not simultaneously, so as not to put pressure on its cash flows. Wockhardt Hospitals is determined not to repeat its mistakes as it expands again. Industry leaders Fortis and Apollo Hospitals are far ahead of Wockhardt. But Wockhardt is not targeting scale, nor do they wish to be a pan-India player. The company plans to focus on Maharashtra and Gujarat, and Tier-II cities. The company’s current strategy is being a niche player which makes business sense. Having a regional focus has logistical benefits - it is easier to move doctors from one hospital to another in times of emergency. â€Æ' â€Æ' Appendix 5: Fortis stock price

The Therapeutic Theater :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Ways of Knowing, Modes of Acting": The Therapeutic Theater world ratLife, as it is represented through various media, has a brainwashing effect on the spectator: he consumes a fabricated her than producing one of his own. The unconscious is constantly repressed, while the conscious is force fed images which basely appeal to the controlled linear processes of the brain. Psychiatrist C.G. Jung writes: "The source of numerous psychic disturbances and difficulties occasioned by man's progressive alienation from his instinctual foundation, i.e., by his uprootedness and identification with his conscious knowledge of himself, by his concern with consciousness at the expense of the unconscious. The result is that modern man can know himself only in so far as he can become conscious of himself--his consciousness therefor orients itself chiefly by observing and investigating the world around him, and it is to its peculiarities that he must adapt his psychic and technical resources. This task is so exacting, and its fulfillment so advantageous, that he forgets himself in the process, losing sight of his instinctual nature and putting his own conception of himself in place of his real being. In this way he slips imperceptibly into a purely conceptual world where the products of his conscious activity progressively replace reality. Separation from his instinctual nature inevitably plunges ci vilized man into the conflict between conscious and unconscious, spirit and nature, knowledge and faith, a split that becomes pathological the moment his consciousness is no longer able to neglect or suppress his instinctual side." (1) The prozac world we inhabit is a direct result of doctors eager to "fix" or "cure" disorders through administering prescription drugs. These drugs don't cure diseases, but rather numb their symptoms; the patient acts their daily ritual of dealing with life in a zombie like trance instead of confronting the horror, terror, and chaos essential to the Nature of the world so as to better understand the self and the self's place in it. It's easier to turn off the receptors that trigger emotions, ideas, or urges we don't like facing than to explore their origin. This method of treatment is not only dangerous, but frightening, because it threatens the very existence of humanity by crippling the self's internal communication necessary to forming individual identity. This calls for a radical change in the medical health care system (2)); where responsibility is placed on doctors to approach a patient's psychosis on

The University of Dissension

Why even consider the possibility of unionization? When lower-level employees start to feel the weight of the rising economy demands, the lack of wages, hours, and job satisfaction – other options become more desirable. Unionization sounds like a great idea to the minimum wage employees who feel dissatisfied with perhaps taking on the responsibilities of employees who have left the company for better opportunities. However there are many reasons why a company should avoid joining a union. Unions present a great idea, but here are a few examples of why not to unionize: Unions cannot guarantee the economic needs of wage and hour increases, job satisfaction, better supervisory performances and communication (Bateman & Snell, 2009, pg 386). Avoid Unionization What steps would you take as a school administrator to resolve this issue and avoid unionization of the operator’s staff? Employees form unions because they are dissatisfied with the conditions in which they are working under and the direction under which the company that employs them is taking. Companies can take certain steps to avoid unionization but they must follow certain rules and regulations regarding labor laws. Certain steps can be taken that will detour the employees from unionization and it starts with listening to your employees and their requests. It may be as simple as better communications or perhaps better working conditions. This step could be resolved easily by holding meetings on a regular basis. Actually listen to what the employee’s are saying and take notes. If necessary meet with the disgruntled employee’s one on one. Once you have identified the problems try and find a way to resolve these problems. At the next meeting identify the changes the company is able to make and address the changes that cannot be made and the reason why those changes cannot be made. Employers who meet with their employees and keep them up to date will gain much more respect. Employee committees established will strengthen communication and also give the employees a sense of empowerment. This makes the employees feel like they are a valuable of the decisions that are being made. This will make them less likely to want to unionize. An open door policy is always an excellent way to make the employee feel as though at any given time there is a member of the management team able and willing to listen to whatever problem they may be facing at this time You must train your managers on effective communication skills and how they can successfully deal with employee issues. Your managers are the ones who work on a daily basis with these employees. Management staff must also be informed on how to deal with union formation. Seminars where literature may be distributed that pertain to the newest laws affecting unionization should be held frequently. Company policies should be enforced fairly. As a leader you should be giving the employees the proper respect that they have earned and deserve. If this is not practiced than you can expect the employees to revolt and start the process of unionization. Always ensure that you stay up to date with the wages and benefits within the industry in which your company practices. If an employee feels they are earning the same pay that any other company would pay them they are much less likely to unionize. Effective ways to prevent unionization would be to continue the motion of communication. One idea is to conduct yearly employee relations audits, by doing this you are gathering small groups of employees and possibility hiring an outside communicator to relay the organizations intentions as well as hearing the voice of the disgruntled. Many of the employees who want to be part of a union are not fully educated on the meanings and possible freedoms that will lose or gained by becoming unionized. In all reality less than Less than 1 out of 10 employees in the United States are unionized (May 2010). With that fact it proves to be that most workers are not educated with the outcomes. Secondly, another factor to prevention is having a well oiled and trained management team. By having a management team who is knowledgeable; the team can recognize the possible infraction of union discussion. Approximately 80% of the time, the receiving of a National Labor Relations Board petition is the first time employers find out they had union activity( May 2010). Finally, a good method of prevention is during the new hire orientation process; provide information on the pros and cons of unionization of an organization. Unions often target new hires to sign union authorization cards and petitions because they are more susceptible to being pressured into signing (May 2010). Education, communication and a professional team can lessen a reality of having your organization unionized. The number of United States workers that have been unionized has been on a decline for the entire postwar period. In 1948, almost one-in-three workers (31. 8 percent) were in a union; by 2008, the fraction had almost on-in-eight workers (12. 4 percent). The drop-off in union membership has been particularly stark in the private sector, where, by 2008, only about one-in-thirteen workers (7. 6 percent) was unionized, whereas more than one-in-three workers in the public sector was unionized† (Schmitt and Zipperer 2009). Imminent Unionization If unionization appears imminent, what positions and actions would you take to work through the process (2-3 examples – 215 words each)†¦ ake sure these examples are in the most collaborative and least disruptive manner. If Unionization appears to be imminent, actions to be taken in order for the process to be smooth and not cause much conflict between employees and management. Action is to communicate in a well professional manner with all Associates. According to the article â€Å"The University of Dissension†, there supervisors have informally encouraged workers to give up the idea of unionizing†. By doing so all they are doing is conflict to rise and not work something through with all employees. First step to these will be a meeting to advice every one of what has happened with the company, changes they will be seeing, and decisions they can make whether to stay or leave. It will be shocking but at the same time it has been discuss with them in a well professional matter rather than informally advised to employees. As this action will be taken, some might agree to stay and work for the company while others will take actions needed to stop it or let other individuals know what the company has done to them. And it will be lead to a strike. As management it will be highly important to communicate and cover with employees all information needed for them to know before making a decision to stay and work or leave. As if a strike will be performed they will have much false information against them. When business continues during a struck, the company â€Å"claims the right to prevent people who do not support a strike from exercising their voluntary exchange rights with strike targets† (CW. 26 ) meaning that these information will be excluded to employees and those who plan to not stay with the company. As the case study indicates, most of the operating staff is unhappy with the increased workload with no pay increase, decreased health benefits with increased cost, and the failure of the administration to respond to their complaints. Although the University president listened to their complaints, he failed to give any feedback on the issues, and simply thanked the staff for their dedication to the school (Bateman). The only communication from the administrative staff at the university has been the informal warnings to the operating staff that their jobs could be lost to contractors. This type of disregard for the operating staff's complaints has them seeking help from a union. If the University has any hope of avoiding unionization of the operating staff, the lines of communication must open. Two important steps in avoid the unionization of staff involve having an effective way of resolving complaints and disputes, and communicating with workers (Worsham, J. 1998). The disgruntled employees have interpreted the lack of a response to complaints as a lack of concern. The informal warnings of job loss from the administrative staff have only increased the distrust of management by the operating staff. The university should open the lines of communication by setting up a committee from both sides to work towards resolving the complaints. Employees may accept some cuts in benefits or increased workloads if they can see that the concessions are equally distributed among all the university staff. If unionization is clearly imminent, the University could recognize the union without an election. This would allow the University to recognize the plight of the operating staffers and enter into negotiation of a Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) in good faith. Due to the negative situation that the operating staffers of the University have been put through, this option would allow the University to recognize the situation, and appear to be willing to resolve the situation in a fair and positive manner for all involved. Due to the larger workload demands, increasing healthcare costs, diminishing healthcare coverage, increased administrator and faculty benefits and wages, and increased enrollment at the University, it would be in the University’s best interest to recognize the lopsided treatment and engage the union in a CBA. This would allow the University to employ a fair and represented system to argue for the employees, while the University held its stance that, â€Å"times are tough, outside funding is down, and we must all share in the burden of maintaining our school. While this may very well be true, it is difficult to expect those who appear to be carrying the largest burden to understand the situation without fair negotiation and representation. In the team’s opinion, the situation has escalated out of hand to the point at which the school must acknowledge the union and use the union to help the employees understand that certain factors are based on the current economic times. If indeed, the University is just in their claims, the union will recognize after the CBA negotiations. The union will look into the University’s funding and compensation plans to determine if the workers are being fairly compensated. In addition, the workers will also be protected against employer discrimination, harassment, or termination due to the employee’s affiliation with the union. This is due to the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, which protects employees from retaliation due to their affiliation with a union, attempts to form a union, or an employer’s refusal to collectively bargain with a union that represents their employees.

De Havilland Essay

Executive Summary De Havilland is a major player the Canadian aircraft manufacturing industry. Founded in 1928 by a British company, De Havilland has had multiple acquisitions by various organizations including the government. As of 1992, the organization was co-owned by the government of Ontario with 49% shares and Bombardier Inc. with 51%. The company’s strategic goal is to keep their competitive advantage by focusing on cost reduction through negotiating long-term contracts with various vendors to capture economies of scale as well as set a fixed cost to secure price stability. Although de Havilland’s existing flap shroud supplier was unwilling to accept the renegotiated 25% discount to the current price, the company had more than a year’s inventory left with the contract expiring in 1993. De Havilland decided that it would be appropriate to solicit suppliers. Nine submissions were received, with the cost difference between the lowest and highest bid at $2,061,180. Based on the information provided it was evident that Marton Enterprise had the most attractive proposal. Issue Identification Long Term – Strategic * Contract between de Havilland and Dollard Plastics of Montreal, Quebec for flap shrouds for Series 300A airplane will be expiring at the end of 1993. * Dash 8 airplane represented 60-65 per cent of de Havilland’s total manufacturing costs * De Havilland buyer tried to negotiate 25% discount from Dollard, but was rejected * De Havilland’s BSB is trying to implement cost reduction strategy by: * Partnering with smaller base of vendors to capture economies of scale * Commit to long-term contracts for a span of five years with firm, fixed prices Environmental and Root Cause Analysis Founded in 1928 by a British company, De Havilland has become a significant part of the Canadian aircraft manufacturing industry. As of 1992, the organization was co-owned by the government of Ontario that held 49% of the shares and Bombardier Inc. owning the remaining 51%. With multiple acquisitions by various companies and the government over the past half-century, the organization has implemented several activities into their operations. These activities implemented in different stages of the supply chain have successfully provided versatility in satisfying customers’ needs, from procurement to production. During Boeing’s ownership, de Havilland experienced tremendous evolution in their corporate processes. In particular the purchasing cycle is a noteworthy system developed during this time. In Exhibit 1 of the case study the diagram demonstrates the step-by-step procurement process the company goes through when it encounters a design change/new design, requiring sou rcing of a new part that has not been previously purchased before. Parties that are involved are mainly composed of representatives from Finance and Material departments. The level of management involvement depended on the size of the contract. De Havilland’s current issue was selecting a new vendor to source flap shrouds from. Dollard Plastics, a company based in Montreal, Quebec has been supplying flap shrouds for their Series 300A airplane, but their contract was about to expire at the end of 1993. With parts costs of the De Havilland’s Dash 8 accounting for 60-65% of the organization’s total manufacturing costs, the purchasing department attempted to request a 25% discount from Dollard as a strategy for cost reduction. However, their request for a lower price was rejected. With the failed renegotiation, the procurement process had to move back to bidder selection board stage. In addition to the cost reduction strategy mentioned earlier, de Havilland’s objective was to partner with a smaller base of vendors to take advantage of economies of scale. They would like to establish long-term cooperative contracts (i.e. five years) with fixed pricing so frequent negotiations won’t be necessary . Based on the nine RFQ submissions from various vendors, Marton Enterprise Inc. offered the lowest prices. With the comprehensive data and additional information that Kim Tomar obtained, it was evident there was great potential in a long-term business partnership with Marton. The difference between Dollard and Marton’s normalized bids total for the program was a whopping $2,061,180 ($2,810,174- $748,994), which could be a substantial saving amount de Havilland would be making. Marton has stated in their pricing proposal that their bid is a stand-alone pricing. This could mean it would be difficult for de Havilland to discuss a lower price than the proposed. The vendor has also stated from past history material costs typically increased 4% to 6% per year, and with that assumption which they have accounted they are willing to enter into a firm fixed price proposal with de Havilland from August 1992 to July 1997. Although Marton’s initial bid amount is quite attractive, de Havilland will have to take into account the possibility of Marton overstating their position in order to acquire the bid. This may become a strategic barrier that could become costly down the road. Another reason for such a significantly lower price offered by Marton could be the fact they may be compromising the quality of the materials or services. Lastly, it could just plainly be that Marton operates more efficiently than other vendors, thus able to incur higher savings. Whatever the case may be, de Havilland should conduct a thorough quality analysis of vendor production to determine whether Marton’s quality and cost levels are aligned with de Havilland’s expectations. Based on the reviews of past purchasing trends, forecasts conducted by representatives from the Finance and Material department, the Bidder Selection Board should have an idea of how much the parts should cost and if the prices submitted are realistic. De Havilland should also keep the other vendors who offered close bids in consideration (i.e. DAS Composites and Lakesides Industries). These bids would help in the negotiation process in strategically obtaining a potential value. With Kim Tomar’s recommendation to the Source Selection Board, SSB should establish low, target and authority price levels for one or more of the vendors and see which group provides the best offer. In terms of power relationships, it seems like it is a fairly level playing ground for both de Havilland and Marton. Based on the comprehensive data provided by Marton and the side documents obtained by Tomar it seems like Marton’s well-prepared proposal has gained them a high amount of seller power in the negotiation. At the same time, with the favorable bids de Havilland received from other vendors, they would be able to use those bids to help negotiate a good deal. At the bottom line though, it depends on how much power each company has to make decisions or if both would require approval from the parent companies. Alternatives Alternative 1 – Select Marton Enterprise as vendor based on analysis conducted for negotiation Advantages: Â  1. Lowest bid out of all nine bid submissions, providing substantial savings in manufacturing costs, more than the original targeted 25% discount 2. Establish a long-term contract with fixed pricing reducing the need for renegotiations 3. Potential for long-term relationship that would greatly improve operational efficiencies Disadvantages: 1. Quality and service might be compromised to reap savings 2. Puts de Havilland at risk if partnership with Marton is a poor decision (poor quality, service), may cause ripple effect 3. No BATNA in case negotiation does not succeed with Marton Enterprise Alternative 2 – Select Marton Enterprise, DAS Composites, and/or Lakeside Industries as vendors for negotiation . Advantages: 1. Provides a BATNA in case negotiation with Marton Enterprise fails 2. May open up other opportunities with sourcing of other parts 3. Can be used as a good negotiation tool Disadvantages: 1. Time consuming, may require more management involvement in the beginning to make decision Recommendation Based on the comprehensive data provided by Marton and the additional information that supports the credibility of the company, it would be best for De Havilland to select Marton Enterprise as vendor based on analysis conducted for negotiation. Implementation 1. After all the analysis and normalization has been conducted, de Havilland should inform Marton that they have been selected as the potential flap shrouds vendor. 2. As a team from the source selection board that is made up of Finance, Materials, Engineering and higher management personnel, they should meet with representatives from the other party to discuss the finer details of the agreement 3. They should review the proposal once again as a group and make modification of estimates 4. With a lawyer present, write out the outline of the contract 5. Once a draft has been made, each party should review it and schedule a time to meet again to sign the contract 6. Supply of flap shrouds will commence Monitor and Control De Havilland should assign staff from the source selection board that is already familiar with the vendor’s representatives to meet with the other party for periodic meetings. These meetings will allow both groups to review the progress, discuss issues that may have arise, and perform periodic quality assurance checkups/inspections. These periodic performance reviews and audits would confirm vendor compliance based on the agreement. References * Module 2 Procurement_Candidate Manual 2013 1.0.pdf * Module 2 Readings Manual 2013 1.0.pdf

Social Change During 1820-1860

Amr Sadek November 4, 2012 U. S. History In what ways did developments in transportation bring about economic and social change in the United States in the period 1820-1860? Development in transportation helped each area of the United States. Those areas were the South, North and the new west. Transportation helped each area develop economically and socially. Transportation helped by making the South making money by sending cotton to the north so they can manufacture clothes. This helped the south a lot, because they refused to manufacture and industrialize like the north.The only disadvantage about the south making more money by sending cotton to the north and west was that they became more reliant on their slaves. The development of business in the south grew and demands started increasing, so slaves had to work faster and harder. Slave owners created stricter slave policies and this is one of the ways that transportation socially harmed the south. From the 3 areas the north had th e most success because they manufactured goods that was sent to the west and south. The north consisted of cities and factories, which made it the economic power of the United States.Transportation helped the west by helping people move it a safer and more suitable way. If railroads weren’t created during that time then the west wouldn’t have been what it is today. The roads helped people move into the west, which meant that people had to stop during their journeys. This went on to create hotels for the people who were moving west. The major cause of people moving to the west was because there was gold in California and people were looking for wealth and a better life. The gold rush was the major factor of people moving to the western part of the United States.Overall, the economy of the U. S. improved economically because of the railroads and canals allowed people to trade and communicate faster. The north played the role of manufacturing goods for the south and west. The west was supplying most of the United States with food and it was most of that area consisted of farmers and foreigners. The south was the one who gave the North the cotton in order for them to create their manufactured goods. So the economy had a cycle that depended on all 3 areas to cooperate. Socially, the U. S. ad a dramatic change because all 3 areas changed and this was a time before the Civil war. The south had become more dependent on slaves and the North was employing more people in their factories. Tenstions began to grow between the North and South as people staretd moving around a lot. Northern people would explore the South and started knowing how the South treated their slaves and major conflicts started happening between the two. The west was becoming more diverse and was starting to help the U. S. expand and help split the population evenly.

It Is Better to Be the Eldest Child Than the Youngest One in the Family Essay

â€Å"Mr. Chairman, honorable judges, misguided members of the opposition, and members of the floor: Good day to all. â€Å"Standing here today on this breezy morning as the third speaker for the proposition, I wish to continue where my team-mates left off to correct the misleading information presented by the opposition. â€Å"For instance, the second member of the opposition claimed that the youngest child will be treated more leniently than the others. Now, is this an advantage? By being treated too leniently, the child might think that his misbehavior is perfectly acceptable. Ever heard of the expression â€Å"Spare the rod and spoil the child†? It is true. Without strict and loving discipline, a beloved child might end up being the black sheep of the family. Now, the opposition contends that it is an advantage to be spoilt in this way. How can this be? â€Å"The opposition has also pointed out that the youngest child is usually more pampered. I agree. But, again, is this good? It is indeed enjoyable to be fussed over, pampered and mollycoddled but what will this pampered child grow into? It is a maxim that too much or too little is no good: Once a pampered child grows up, he will be overly dependent on others, in other words, spineless. Would you like to be this spineless adult? I leave you to decide. â€Å"Ladies and gentlemen, having straightened out a few delusions of the opposition, I shall present my own points. One of the advantages of being an eldest child is that he is used to being respected and obeyed by his siblings. This is because they know he is wiser and more experienced. This is a good feeling and it creates high self-esteem. This self-esteem will motivate him to succeed in every aspect of life. â€Å"Undeniably, the eldest child will shoulder more responsibilities. He will often be left in charge of the younger ones. The eldest child is also cast as a role model for the younger ones. Thus, he has to try harder to maintain discipline and a high standard of behavior. â€Å"The eldest child, having to cope with his siblings’ antics, will also develop patience. He may have to give in to his siblings because `they are too young to understand’. Thus, he develops tolerance and understanding of other people’s weaknesses. â€Å"All these points were described as ‘disadvantages’ by the opposition. They are only disadvantageous if you are unable to see the long-term benefits. You see, these momentarily trying circumstances will shape the child and prepare him for the challenges that lie ahead. According to a survey conducted by the Home Ministry, an average of 3 out of 5 successful people — corporate leaders, lawyers, politicians — were the eldest children in their families. â€Å"On to my next point, which centers on the word ‘privileges’. In most cases, the eldest child will inherit the greater share of the wealth. According to Chinese custom, the eldest son carries on the family name, therefore he deserves a larger share of the property. In monarchies, the eldest child is the heir to the throne, as in the case of Prince Charles. If you think that the eldest child is only privileged if he belongs to a wealthy family, you are wrong. The distinction is even sharper in poor families where the eldest child may be the only one whom the family can afford to educate or feed properly. â€Å"So, there you have it. Clear arguments to demolish the opposition to this motion. And now I hand over to my opponents, to give the sensible ones amongst them a chance to start defecting over to our side. Thank you.†

Strategic decion making for a company in crisis Assignment

Strategic decion making for a company in crisis - Assignment Example However, American car makers also felt the sharp punch of economic slowdown. Another reason for weakening of the automobile industry was the rising fuel prices round the world. This was linked to the energy crisis of 2003-2008. This discouraged the customers to buy Sport Utility Vehicles (SUVs), as these vehicles were not fuel efficient. The big three automakers in America, General Motors, Chrysler and Ford had to shift their focus to manufacturing trucks or fuel efficient cars due to shifting focus of the customers. As in 2008 situations were turning critical, so the prices of the raw materials were also increasing (Jansen â€Å"Why the UK’s Auto Industry Remains Crisis Free†). The impact of the global financial crisis was more on the automobile sector than on the housing and financing sector. The first reason was the big three automakers of America were running with life-support or financial aid from the US government. The credit market had frozen, so the orders were being cancelled, the plants were being shut temporarily and the suppliers were not paid their invoices. The debt loads were increasing and the high labor cost was an additional pressure for the companies, surviving in this environment. The second reason was the high internal cost and increasing longevity of the two wheelers led the customers to delay their car purchase (Sturgeon and Biesebroeck â€Å"Strategic Decision-Making† 3-4). Thus the demands for four wheelers were neither getting created nor were the ordered cars sold. Moreover, in US the people were not receiving car loans to buy cars because of the sub-prime crisis, so the customers were reluctant to buy cars solely with thei r savings. This was the reason why the sales figure plunged too (Zeese â€Å"The Causes of the Auto Crisis†). The major effect of the automobile crisis was felt in United States and in Canada. The weakening of the sector was due to the increasing prices of spare parts and

Patroling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Patroling - Essay Example I received a radio message that mentioned the emergency help needed to save a woman and five children who got stranded on a beach. It was difficult for me to reach them within the limited time since the only way available was the road that was again narrowed between two cliffs and only a single vehicle could move through it. On the other hand, I encountered another person whose leg had got struck in the middle of the roads. I realized that only the fire department and the EMS could save him. In such a situation, I had to decide how to take measures such that the lives of both the woman and the children on the beach as well as the person stuck in the middle of the roads could be saved. I had the options of attending the man first trying to free him or I could rush to the beach to save the woman and the children. Since it would take me a long time to reach to the beach, I also had the option to send message to the patrol officers who were posted nearer to the coast. Thus with the intentions of saving both the woman and the children as well as the man, I would immediately contact the patrolling officers nearer to the sea beach and inform them to rush to the stranded people. They could at least take the road and run towards them even if they could not drive through the road. The next immediate step that I would consider is to call up the fire brigade and inform them to rush to the place with their manpower to save the man trapped in the middle of the roads. I would also take measures to clear the road of the cars, asking them to move back such that the fire brigade engines could reach the place. By the time the engines would reach the place I would try to rush to the sea beach to look into the progress of saving the woman and the children. The above decisions that I mentioned I would take in such a situation would depend on the values and the feelings that an

Fashion blog posts Wedding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fashion blog posts Wedding - Essay Example The paper "Fashion blog posts Wedding" provides information about wedding dresses. One of the latest trends for bridesmaids is with the summer style dresses. If you want to tap into the perfect fit, then you can look at styles and designs that are cocktail length, which creates a look of both elegance and high – end style for bridesmaids. You can also find suitable fashion statements with off the shoulder and one – sleeve styles. If you want to add even more beauty, then you can find subtle accents, such as pleats and cuts that create a feeling of ambiance from every bridesmaid. With the newest trends in bridesmaid dresses, you will easily be able to make your summer wedding a fashionable occasion. Fashion sense for brides to be begins with a white dress, but also includes making a last statement that is based on the hottest trends of the season. The evening wear that is available for brides – to – be can help you to show your strong fashion sense while al lowing you to make the most out of an engagement or Bachelorette party. When you are planning for the extra evening dresses, you want it to show off an en vogue style that makes a statement as your last party as a single. The latest trends include dresses that are defined with pleats and twists that will keep heads turning for your evening out. These are combined with cocktail style length dresses that refine elegance so you can create the perfect slant to the fashion statement you want to make before your wedding.

QUALITY OF LIFE & FUNCTIONING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

QUALITY OF LIFE & FUNCTIONING - Essay Example On the other hand, if I had a similar perception of quality of life with her family, we could discuss their problems, giving me a chance to help them get through with the ordeal. It becomes easier to empathize with the patient while she accepts the fact that she is dying, and it allows me to help ease the journey for her and her family. B. Palliative care is all about improving the quality of life for patients undergoing a terminal illness and are expecting death. Researchers from the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston published a report which identified factors that greatly affected patient’s quality of life at the end of their lives. Two of the most powerful determinants of poor patient quality of life were dying in a hospital or being admitted to the ICU during the last week of life. No patient wants that, and considering how the patient does not have much in the way of money, additional hospital costs would severely stress the family. A good strategy would be to preven t these by keeping the patient home while assessing him regularly for complications which should be promptly treated before the patient would need to go to the hospital. Another thing that impacts the quality of life would be the patient's level of worry at the beginning of care. As a nurse, we must dispel the patient’s worries and fears by providing them with information and offering to them your help as a nurse. Try to forge a therapeutic alliance with the patient to make them feel like they are being taken care of holistically. Lastly, religion plays a large role in many people’s lives, and during the end of life, many people would like to talk with a religious figure such as a priest or pastor before they pass away. Bringing in a pastor at the request of the patient could help ease the feeling of dying with the thought of her God watching over her and her remaining family. Religion could also help the family cope with the situation (Nordqvist, 2012) C. Pain and fat igue from the treatment and the stresses of her illness cause Mrs. Thomas to lose the ability to care for herself, and this problem can only get worse over the course of her illness. She needs to find ways to make taking care of herself easier, and find other ways to do help her husband and family do it for her once she reaches the point wherein she can no longer do it herself. Pain is a major deterrent to the patient’s ability to perform her activities of daily life. This pain caused her to lose her job, and her insistence on not taking the pain relief medication leaves her crying in the daytime. Reducing the pain nonpharmacologically would really help in increasing Mrs. Thomas’s functionality. There are many nonpharmacological pain methods that could be done by Mrs. Thomas or with the help of Mr. Thomas. Massage and backrubs are can be very effective when done correctly. Teaching this to Mr. Thomas would allow him to care for his wife when she needs help with the pai n. Since Mr. Thomas has to work, there would be times wherein Mrs. Thomas would be left alone. To handle the pain during these times, she can apply warm and cold compresses to the painful areas, and if she has trouble sleeping because of the pain, she can try to reposition herself to find a comfortable position. Diversional activities can also help, especially if they are done in combination

She pitied men always as if they lacked something. How does Woolf Essay

She pitied men always as if they lacked something. How does Woolf contrast masculine and feminine in To the Lighthouse - Essay Example Ramsay. The sentence is thought by Lily Briscoe in the novel and the whole sentence is This sentence clearly shows that the novel, â€Å"To the Lighthouse† is written with feminist theme in which, the writer wants to depict that men are naturally lacking while on the other hand, women have some power. Mr. Ramsay, who is Mrs. Ramsay’s husband, is a philosopher who has a good reputation on the basis of his knowledge but in the whole novel, he is shown dependent on Mrs. Ramsay. Mr. Ramsay is shown worried about the existence of his work as he thinks at one juncture, â€Å"and his fame lasts how long? It is permissible even for a dying hero to think before he dies how men will speak of him hereafter. His fame lasts perhaps two thousand years. And what are two thousand years? (asked Mr. Ramsay ironically, staring at the hedge).† These lines by Mr. Ramsay indicate towards his doubts about the remembrance of his work and himself. All his doubts about his existence and being remembered receive a sense of satisfaction because of Mrs. Ramsay who is always there to help his husband. He while talking to Mrs. Ramsay informs her about his doubts about his work being forgotten and he gets encouraging responses and back up from his wife. Mrs. Ramsay is not shown as a perfect woman but she is always ready to support men and while helping them, she sympathizes with them and tries to find solution to their problems. With Mrs. Ramsay, every character of the novel feels relaxed and comfortable because of her complacent and supportive attitude. She is like a source of support to the other characters of the novel including her husband, who looks a strong person but appears to be very weak before her wife. Mr. Ramsay appears wholly dependent on Mrs. Ramsay for confidence and encouragement. Woolf portrays Mr. Ramsay as a person and a man, who feels himself incomplete without Mrs. Ramsay. Woolf tries

The Economics of Education & Financing Education Adequately - Case Essay

The Economics of Education & Financing Education Adequately - Case Study 6 - Essay Example On the other hand, individuals with Bachelors Degree was reported to increase from 6.6% in 1990 census to 9.3% based on 2005-2009 survey (TACIR, 2012a, p. 13). Furthermore, the fact that the rate of drop out decreased from 13.4% between 1998-1999 to 1.3% between 2008-2009 shows a good sign of educational improvement (p. 16). To improve the education system in Fentress County, its local government officials allocated US$12,000 for K-12 new school construction, US$7,125 on school system-wide need, US$5,000 for non K-12 education, US$2,925 for existing school improvements, and US$400 for librairies, museums, and historical sites (TACIR, 2012a, p. 12). Putnam County had 9.7% unemployment rate as of June 2011 (TACIR, 2012b, p. 8). As of fiscal year 2010, the total revenue received by the Putnam County is US$144,086. Coming from the State government, Putnam County received US$39,451 (27.4%) for public schools and US$6,044 (4.2%) for other necessities. Aside from receiving US$14,367 from the Federal revenue, Putnam County collected US$35,426 (24.6%) from property tax, US$29,445 (20.4%) from local sales tax, and US$19,352 (13.4%) from other local taxes (p. 11). Based on 2005-2009 survey, individuals with high school diploma is composed of 79.0% of its total population as compared to 63.2% based on 1990 census. On the other hand, individuals with Bachelors Degree was reported to increase from 16.8% in 1990 census to 21.7% based on 2005-2009 survey (TACIR, 2012b, p. 13). Furthermore, the fact that the rate of drop out decreased from 15.8% between 1998-1999 to 10.8% between 2008-2009 shows a good sign of educational improvement (p. 16). To improve the education system in Putnam County, its local government officials allocated US$47,400 for K-12 new school construction, US$153,560 for non K-12 education, US$43,828 for existing school improvements, and US$871 for

Mergers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mergers - Essay Example Ravenschaft and Scherer (1987) state that firms will merge because they think that this will result into an increase in efficiency in the new firm formed after merging. Efficiency is expected to rise after the increase in capital, sharing of expertise, elimination of duplicate processes in production and the realization of economies of scale. All these advantages associated with mergers will influence firms to merge, however according to Hughes (1989) mergers may not lead to the realization of efficiency and they may lead to even increased inefficiencies in the firm. Firms will merge in order to gain market power, market power increases where firms that merge are in the same industry and produce the same products in the market and when they merge they form a monopolistic firm which controls the prices and the quantity produced. The firms will also merge as a way to increase their competitive advantages over their rivals and this makes the new firm a market leader, however this may not be the case where government policies may restrict firms to form monopolistic market forms where the firms controls the prices and quantity produced. Firms have different levels of market share in the market, when the firms merge they form one big firm those market share is equal to the sum of both firms market share, as a result the market share increases and this acts as a motivating factor for firms to merge. The reason why a larger market share is preferred is because a firm will realize economies of scale, increase sales volume, increase sales revenue and therefore increase profits earned. Tax advantages: Firms will also merge in order to gain a tax advantage, all firms will pay tax to the government depending on the level of profits they have acquired, and firms will therefore merge with loss making firms as a way of reducing their tax burden. However in most countries this has been discouraged where policies have been put in place to limit the act of profit making firms shopping for loss making firms to gain tax advantages. Diversification: According to Henry (2000) firms will also merge as a way to smooth earnings, smooth earning results into a smooth stock price over time and therefore investors are attracted to invest in the companies stocks. When two firms merge their earnings and stock prices are more stable and this increases investor confidence and therefore realize increased capital base from investors equity. Increasing geographical coverage: Firms will merge as a way of increasing their geographical coverage, example two law firms namely the Battle and Booth company and the Mack and McLean company merged in order to increase their geographical coverage and therefore offer their services to a larger population, this is because when firms merge they form a larger com-any and the large company is able to invest more and diversify than a small company. Sharing of expertise and technological integration: Firms will gain expertise and gain from mergers, managers and other experts share ideas and this helps in improving the efficiency and also the productivity of a firm, this sharing is made possible when firms merge but this would not have been possible when the

Stakeholder theory as an organisational management theory supports good corporate governance Essay Example for Free

Stakeholder theory as an organisational management theory supports good corporate governance Essay ‘Stakeholder Theory’ as an organisational management concept supports good Corporate Governance models. Discuss whether stakeholder theory assists in determining good corporate governance models for a company. The recent increase in awareness surrounding Corporate Governance partly arose from what was considered to be some of the ‘darkest days in business’ during the early 2000’s when numerous multi national corporations unexpectedly collapsed. People the world over were greatly effected by these events, which brought into question the role of good business practice in today’s society. Freeman’s (1984) seminal work â€Å"Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach† describes ‘Stakeholder Theory’ as a structure that supports effective Corporate Governance by way of protecting and looking after not just its shareholders, but all stakeholders that have a vested interest in the company. Central to the discipline of Corporate Governance is the ethical behaviour of corporations (Crane, 2004), ‘Stakeholder Theory’ is the most influential and popular theory to emerge thus far that addresses the role of ethics in business (Stark, 1994). This essay builds on the idea that ethics, business, sustainability, responsibility and the environment are no longer separate (Freeman et al., 2010) in today’s global business world. Critics of Stakeholder theory claim that the shareholder’s ability to gain maximum profits are compromised, however recent research has shown that by creating value in a responsible manner whilst taking all constituents into account actually leads to a more profitable company, whilst encouraging long term outcomes (Donaldson, 1995). Critics also claim that stakeholder’s interests are so varied its impossible to give equal fairness to all. Whilst it is impossible to make every stakeholder’s interest equal, three key areas are assessed to determine the attributes and relevence of each stakeholder within the company’s ethical codes; power, legitimacy and urgency (Wickham, 2009). The term ‘Stakeholder Theory’ whilst in use from the 1960’s was further developed by Edward Freeman in the 1980’s and has vastly grown in popularity in recent years. Stakeholders may include but are not limited to employees,  creditors, consumers, suppliers, whilst also incorporating the extrinsic interest of Governments, competitors, the community, environment and society at large (Buchholtz, 2012). Refer to figure 1. Fig 1. A firm and its stakeholders (Polonsky Michael, 1995). The Australian Stock Exchange Corporate Governance Council guidelines (Australian, 2007) identify’s eight key priciples relating to the rules, relationships, systems and processes within and by which authority is exercised and controlled in corporations. By applying the eight principles to monitor and assess risk, optimise performance, create value and provide accountability. ‘Stakeholder Theory’ addresses these principles by concentrating on the moral responsibilities of business organisations in terms of the scope of fiduciary obligations towards their stakeholders. Researchers from Bologna’s University set out to determine whether stakeholder management actions could bring strength to internal legitimacy, thereby creating better working conditions that lead to improved company competitiveness, developed by company employees (Longo, 2008). They began by conducting two surveys on the employees of a leading Italian agricultural company who had been implementing ‘Stakeholder Theory’ for many years and had received numerous awards in recognition for their processes. They were asked a multitude of questions surrounding their roles in the workplace, their feelings toward their colleagues, employers and their work environment in detail. The researchers were then able to define quantitative measures of the system of resources to determine the role of stakeholder policies in the development of the intangible resources (Longo, 2008). Those intangible resources being, â€Å"the capacity to motivate employees† (Donaldson, 1995), â€Å"the capacity to attract and keep professional and qualified personnel in the work market† (Turban, 1997), â€Å"the ability to develop internal and external company relationships† (Post, 2002). The results indicated that the companys social policies had a significant influence particularly when it came to trust, job satisfaction, networking and communication, ability to work in a group and low turnover propensity† (Longo, 2008). Since 1983 Herman Miller the furniture manufacturing company has incorporated an employee as stakeholder program, employees carefully monitor and know how their  roles contribute to the profitability. Employees review the numbers, particularly their EVA performances, an indication of their contributions to the long-term value of the company. â€Å"We are part of the company, we think and act for what’s best for the company, and we share in the fortunes of the business, like owners. We also work hard to understand our opportunities for long-term profitability and growth† (Miller, 2010). Effective corporate governance structures encourage companies to create value, through entrepreneurialism, innovation, development and exploration, and provide accountability and control systems commensurate with the risks involved (Australian, 2007). According to a study conducted by the University of Northern Iowa, effective stakeholder management results in transparent financial reporting (Mattingly, 2009). By ensuring that decision making processes are transparent and the organisation is accountable to all its stakeholders, the effect on financial performance is a direct result of stakeholders having an active role in organisation governance. Additionally, organisations that exhibit stronger commitments to both institutional and technical stakeholders are more conservative in their accounting practices, a direct function of responsive corporate governance (Mattingly, 2009). As part of UPS’s 2011 Sustainability Report, Chairman and CEO Scott Davis spoke of the company’s financial reporting, â€Å"We are disclosing more information than ever before†¦ this process spotlights which issues are at the nexus of UPS’s own business issues with those of external stakeholders, which helps guide us in the future toward creating more sustainable, longer lasting relationships (UPS, 2011). Businesses are contributing to society more than ever before, how they contribute and make decisions raises significant ethical issues, ‘business ethics’ can be said to begin where the law ends (Crane, 2004). Additionally, companies are having to look toward creating not only sustainable organistations but environmentally sound and socially responsible establishments (Wolfe, 2007). The controversial economist Milton Friedman once said, â€Å"the only social responsibility of business is to maximise profits† (Friedman, 1962) . This way of thinking is inline with traditional ‘Agency Theory’, where the manager’s only obligation is to shareholders  (Crane, 2004). However, there is inconsistency with this argument, from a legal perspective and an economic perspective. Firstly, it is simply naà ¯ve to say that the only group who has a legitimate interest in the corporation is the shareholder. There are a multitude of groups that hold a legitimate ‘stake’ in the corporation through legal binding contracts that stipulate certain rights and claims on the corporation (Crane, 2004). For example there is legislation in place that protects workers’ rights in relation to pay and conditions, therefore from an ethical point of view the corporation has an obligation to their employees (Freeman, 2008). Secondly, there are external ramifications when a corporation ceases to consider the broader implications of it stakeholders, for example if a corporation closes down one of its factories in a small community and lays off the employees, the effect on the community is widespread, from the local business owner who loses customers, public services being cut, in turn the whole community is effected (Freeman, 2008). Recognising that the stakeholders interests have intrinsic value (normative approach), it makes not only ethical sense, but economical sense that the company takes responsibility to meet the stakeholders needs (Argandona, 2007). At Fuji Xerox responsibility and responsiveness to stakeholders is a key driver to ensure long term to sustainability. Managing Director at Fuji Xerox Nick Kugenthiran says â€Å"We manage our sustainability performance across seven areas of accountability; Business profitability Longevity, Corporate Governance compliance, Satisfying Customers, Providing a responsible solution, engaging employees, influencing sustainability outcomes and minimizing environmental impact† (Fuji.Xerox, 2011). A transparent disclosure to their stakeholders is evident in their sustainability reporting, and ethics and integrity are key corporate values. Their strong commitment to corporate citizenship demands exemplary legal compliance at a minimum. â€Å"We are working to integrate sustainability more explicitly into our governance and planning frameworks, and see an opportunity to improve our approach to risk management† (Fuji.Xerox, 2011). More and more businesses are recognising and working toward a model that incorporates corporate social responsibilities, which encourages a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees,  communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere. Refer to figure 2 Fig 2. Carroll’s four-part model of corporate social responsibility (Crane, 2004). The critics of ‘Stakeholder Theory’ argue correctly that you cannot give all stakeholders equal interest in the business, however the process of ‘Stakeholder Analysis’ is applied as a means of systematically gathering and analyzing qualitative information to determine whose interests should be taken into account. When developing and/or implementing a policy or program, the qualities being assessed are Power, Legitimacy and Urgency, these qualities help distinguish and assign priority to the appropriate stakeholders for any given project (Winkler, 2009). Refer to Figure 3. This method best recommends how management can give due regard to the interests of those groups. In other words, it attempts to address the principle of â€Å"Who or What Really Counts† (Freeman, 1984). Figure 3. Salience Stakeholder Model (Hseih, 2009). In Conclusion ‘Stakeholder Theory’ assists in shaping good Corporate Governance by addressing the ethics of managing an organisation. The companies corporate strategies consider the interests of their stakeholders, groups and indivduals who can affect, or is affected by, the achievement of the organisation’s purpose (Freeman, 1984). Furthermore, businesses are now under more pressure to become sustainable, transparent, ethical, environmentally responsible organisations and the most effective orgainsational management approach is ‘Stakeholder Theory’. By utilising the ‘Stakeholder Analysis’ process, organisations are able to determine which stakeholders interest are a priority. Like many theory’s, Stakeholder theory is not without its flaws, additional research needs to be conducted along with further criticism in order for the theory to evolve and advance the way organisations carry out Business. By creating an holistic framework for which company’s govern and protect not only its shareholders, but the wider constituents of the organisation, namely the stakeholders (Mallin, 2004),  business and society are now forever intrinsically connected, and with ‘Stakeholder Theory’ continuing to take a larger role, businesses will be better off, ultimately society too. REFERENCES: ARGANDONA, A., AYUSO S. 2007. Responsible Corporate Governance: Towards a Stakeholder Board of Directors. Post Doctural Research Fellow. Professor of Economics, University of Navarra. AUSTRALIAN, S., EXCHANGE (ASX) CORPORATE GOVERNANCE COUNCIL. 2007. Coporate Governance Principles and Recommendations [Online]. Available: http://www.asxgroup.com.au/media/PDFs/cg_principles_recommendations_with_2010_amendments.pdf. BUCHHOLTZ, A., K. AND CARROLL, A, B. 2012. Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility Ethics, Sustainability and Stakeholder Management, Australia, Cengage Learning. CRANE, A., MATTEN, D. 2004. 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UPS. 2011. Logistics at the Core: Corporate Sustainability Report 2011 [Online]. Atlanta Georgia. Available: http://www.responsibility.ups.com/community/Static Files/sustainability/2011_UPS_CSR_Report.pdf. WICKHAM, M., WONG, T. 2009. Stakeholder Management Capability: Exploring the Strategic Management of Dissenting Stakeholder Groups. University of Tasmania. WINKLER, I. 2009. Stakeholder Salienc in Corporate Codes of Ethics [Online]. Available: http://ejbo.jyu.fi/pdf/ejbo_vol14_no1_pages_4-13.pdf [Accessed 1 14]. WOLFE, B., D., SHETH N, J., SISODIA, S R. 2007. Firms of Edearment: How world class companies profit from passion and purspose.